NASA Space Technology Roadmaps and Priorities Restoring NASA's Technological Edge and Paving the Way for a New Era in Space (2012) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix I: TA06 Human Health, Life Support, and Habitation Systems
Appendix I: TA06 Human Health, Life Support, and Habitation Systems
Pages 182-203
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From page 182... ...
Also, human exploration missions to destinations beyond the Moon will not have early return or abort options, so testing and certifying systems in flight-like environments and developing certified models will be critical to mission success and safety. The draft TA06 roadmap is divided into 20 level 3 technologies, which are subdivided into and 78 level 4 items.
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From page 183... ...
1. Space Radiation Effects on Humans: Improve the understanding of space radiation effects on humans and develop radiation protection technologies to enable long-duration human missions.
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From page 184... ...
in human-rated vehicles and habitats in reduced gravity. Current fire safety technologies for 1 g and microgravity environments are well understood and have an excel lent history for longevity as will be needed for future human exploration missions beyond LEO.
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From page 185... ...
Differences in Apollo and future planetary suits will include the effects of long-term exposure to microgravity en route, prior to reduced gravity EVA operations for surface durations many times that of the 3 days in J-class Apollo missions. Apollo suits were further restricted by the mandate that they also be suitable for launch and entry use, but the Space Shuttle Program demonstrated the utility of separating the launch and entry function from EVA operations.
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From page 186... ...
(ECLSS) Water Recovery and Management 9 3 3 3 9 1 -3 356 H 6.1.3.
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From page 187... ...
Technology 6.5.5, Radiation Monitoring Technology The ability to monitor the local radiation environment at and even within the crew members on long-duration space missions will be critical to ensure human health and mission success. This technology specifically addresses the need to measure and report on the ionizing particle environment (including neutrons)
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From page 188... ...
Fire Safety: Assure humans and develop environmental control fire safety (detection and activity in reduced gravity radiation protection and life support systems 3. Long-Duration Health suppression)
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From page 189... ...
However, because of the shielding effects of Earth's magnetosphere, certification testing for exploration missions beyond LEO may require testing in higher orbits, at lunar-Earth Lagrange points, or on the lunar surface. While shielding against GCR and SPEs is a uniquely NASA requirement, advanced radiation shielding materials and approaches could have terrestrial applications, for example, for shielding in nuclear power plants, high-altitude aircraft, radiation medicine, and in radioactive contingency response against terrorist threats.
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From page 190... ...
Technology 6.5.4, Human Radiation Prediction The ability to forecast the radiation environment will be critical to ensure the safety of astronauts and mission success. This technology specifically addresses the need to forecast SPEs, which are periods of intense ionizing radiation associated with solar storms.
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From page 191... ...
Monitoring the radiation environment near, but external to, the ISS would contribute to models that attempt to understand the dynamic response of Earth's magnetosphere to the complex series of events that occur during major SPEs. In particular, it helps identify the extent to which the intensity of high-energy particles extends to mid to low latitudes, increasing the radiation exposure to spacecraft in low Earth orbit with medium to low inclination.
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From page 192... ...
The clothing and laundry area is a mix, as clothing is at a TRL 9, while laundry is at a TRL 4. This technology would directly support human spaceflight for the complete range of missions lasting from several hours to months, such as long-duration stays on the ISS, or long-duration exploration missions to Mars or an NEA.
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From page 193... ...
The ISS is the ideal test bed for advanced waste management. EXPRESS Racks could be used for early tech nology development test beds, and successful technology could then undergo long-term testing on the ISS before they are adopted for a long-duration human exploration mission.
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From page 194... ...
The major shortcoming with the current state of the art of air revitalization technology is in carbon dioxide reduction. The ability to recover oxygen from waste carbon dioxide will be very important to reduce mass requirements for longduration human exploration missions.
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From page 195... ...
Such a facility would enable research and testing on small mammals and other biological and spaceflight systems in trying to understand the effects of reduced gravity on humans, other biological systems, and spaceflight systems. Maintaining human health on long-duration human exploration missions would be greatly facilitated by advances in this technology.
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From page 196... ...
At the same time, the real test of future pres sure suits will be in their ability to support prolonged legged locomotion in the reduced-gravity environment of the Moon and Mars, and ISS testing will not validate this critical functionality. EVA pressure garments are pivotal to all aspects of human spaceflight.
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From page 197... ...
Areas of research include fire prevention, fire detection, fire suppression, and a proposed free-flying fire test bed with reduced gravity, lower total pressure, and higher oxygen partial pressure environments capabilities. Fire suppression and in-space fire test bed concept are the two areas that drove the high scores for Fire: Detection and Suppression Fire prevention technology maturation, primarily materials flammability testing, is required for reduced-gravity environments and cabin total and oxygen partial pressures expected in the next generation human space systems.
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From page 198... ...
Ultra-high-pressure fire suppression is game-changing because it can reduce fire suppres sion water mass by 10 to 33 percent as well as time to extinguish and it will be impossible to "abandon ship" on long-duration deep space exploration missions. As an example, Mir was almost abandoned due to the difficulty in extinguishing an oxygen generation candle fire and it took days to recover from its effects.
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From page 199... ...
The panel encourages NASA to continue research in microgravity and reduced gravity human factors (and related technolo gies) , and to maintain and update NASA Standard 3001 in order to ensure, among other things, that variable gravity environments are captured in spacecraft design, EVA suit design, and habitat design.
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From page 200... ...
Although, this is a matter of national policy, it seems prudent that spacecraft and EVA suits be developed and designed so that future crew anthropometric requirements are no less than those which were established for the space shuttle in the 1970s. The panel was presented with data which showed that original astronaut selection size standards have been narrowing since the late 1980s due to budget pressures, (e.g., reduc ing EVA suit sizes)
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From page 201... ...
Additionally, he identified regenerative ECLSS as game-changing for long-duration human spaceflight and suggested that further develop ment of the ISS regenerative ECLSS shows the greatest promise for a point of departure for exploration beyond LEO. Daniel Barta (NASA-JSC)
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From page 202... ...
for exploration missions as well as being much longer, emphasizing that exploration missions would likely challenge the established human radiation risk limits set by NASA. Additionally, Semones identified the key challenges associated with radiation monitoring technologies to be improved battery technology for personal dosimeters, fail-safe data storage and transmission, in situ active warning and monitoring, and data for forecasting models (particularly for forecasting SPEs)
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From page 203... ...
He then identified the need for a simple, reliable, and maintainable ECLSS for long-duration human spaceflight beyond LEO. Finger then went on to identify the ISS as a necessary test bed for ECLSS technologies.
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