NASA Space Technology Roadmaps and Priorities Restoring NASA's Technological Edge and Paving the Way for a New Era in Space (2012) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix Q: TA14 Thermal Management Systems
Appendix Q: TA14 Thermal Management Systems
Pages 320-331
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From page 320... ...
for both human and robotic advanced high-velocity return missions, either novel or reconstituted legacy systems. 1 The draft space technology roadmaps are available at http://www.nasa.gov/offices/oct/strategic_integration/technology_roadmap.html.
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Multifunctional systems can provide significant mass savings due to combining thermal and structural func tions, allowing increased payload weight. Presently, these functions are separately incorporated in spacecraft
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systems that combine thermal, structural, micro meteoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) , and crew radiation protection could provide significant weight savings and enable long-duration missions, and can also be used for planetary habitat thermal and multifunctional protection.
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Sensor Systems and Measurement Technologies 106 M 1 9 3 3 3 -1 -1 (Thermal Management) FIGURE Q.1 Quality function deployment (QFD)
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FIGURE Q.3 Level of support that the technologies provide to the top technical challenges for TA14 Thermal Management Systems.
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Technology 14.1.2, Active Thermal Control of Cryogenic Systems Low to zero boil-off of cryogenic fluids will be mission-critical for long-duration missions, and cannot be achieved with present technology. Active thermal control will enable long-term storage of consumables such as LOX for human missions, for cryogenic propellants for both human and robotic missions, for supporting lunar or planetary surface stations, and for supporting scientific instruments that require cryogenic conditions.
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These technologies apply to all or nearly all NASA and non-NASA space missions in all or most mission classes, but in a supporting role. These technologies can provide incremental improvements in overall thermal management system performance, but they do not appear to be mission critical or game-changing.
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In terms of the top technical challenges, the NASA team categorized these into different categories based on timing: • Near-term -- Mid-density ablator materials and systems for exo-LEO missions (>11 km/s entries) -- Innovative thermal components and loop architecture -- 20 K cryocoolers and propellant tank integration -- Low conductivity structures/supports -- Two-phase heat transfer loops -- Obsolescence driven TPS materials and processes -- Supplemental Heat Rejection Devices (SHReDs)
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On the latter in particular, some follow-on comments from the NASA team were that for multifunctionality incorporating radiation protection, it is important to make sure material prop erties are not degraded by the multifunctionality. One workshop participant asked the NASA team for their views on the near- and long-term impacts of nanotechnology in thermal management.
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the need for ultra-reliable thermal management, which is required for deep space missions and will drive thermal design; structural-thermal-optical analysis codes, because faster, integrated codes could reduce analysis cycle times from months down to much lower durations and (2) science applications, because many scientific missions have unique thermal requirements (e.g., thermal stability requirements in order to maintain the sensitivity on future decadal survey space observatories, and techniques for thermal balance testing of large passive cryogenic observatories)
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develop/adopt formulations and software tools for uncertainty quantification; and (4) tightly integrate physical modeling, uncertainty analysis and experimental programs to ensure reliable uncertainty assessments.
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(Note that a microvascular network in a structural composite can also introduce dynamic, reconfigurable functionality, such as damage sensing, thermal management, and radiation protection.) Mangun concluded his presentation noting that it may be possible to accelerate some technologies (e.g., multifunctional TPS, structurally integrated TPS, and self-repairing composites)
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