Aging in Asia Findings from New and Emerging Data Initiatives (2012) / Chapter Skim
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9 Patterns and Correlates of Intergenerational Nontime Transfers: Evidence from CHARLS--Xiaoyan Lei, John Giles, Yuqing Hu, Albert Park, John Strauss, and Yaohui Zhao
9 Patterns and Correlates of Intergenerational Nontime Transfers: Evidence from CHARLS--Xiaoyan Lei, John Giles, Yuqing Hu, Albert Park, John Strauss, and Yaohui Zhao
Pages 207-228
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From page 207... ...
, Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Numbers 70773002 and 70910107022) , the World Bank (Contract 7145915)
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From page 208... ...
Thus, it is important at this stage to understand the pat terns of intergenerational transfers among Chinese families and evaluate to what extent intergenerational transfers still function as a part of elderly support. Second, despite the existence of "filial piety," other Chinese traditional norms may also linger and influence family transfer behaviors.
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From page 209... ...
. In contrast, two or three out of five households provide financial transfers for their aged parents in Korea (Kim, 2010)
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-serial surveys, CHARLS, with its rich information, is ideal for research on transfers. In the interview, the respondents were asked whether they had received transfers from and/or given transfers to each of their children, and if so the corresponding amount.3 Transfers 3 Amounts are asked if financial transfers occur, and frequencies are asked if time transfers occur.
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From page 211... ...
The two different economic and natural conditions contribute to different living status of the residents and potentially influence intergenerational transfers. Both provinces had major declines in fertility and mortality, with the fertility decline most rapid starting in the 1970s, when stronger family planning policies began (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2009)
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From page 212... ...
We choose the information of the main respondent parent because every child has a main respondent parent and, as stated earlier, the main respondents are chosen randomly by the survey. MEASURES AND SUMMARY STATISTICS Parent-Level Characteristics In our analysis, characteristics of parents are mainly concerned with three aspects: demographics, SES, and health.
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From page 213... ...
In particular, the second category -- less than primary education -- includes those who did not fin ish primary school but are capable of reading or writing, or those who reported to have been in "Sishu."9 Health-related variables include the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) , a score of cognition using questions from the Telephone Interview of Cognition Status (TICS)
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From page 214... ...
Table 9-1 summarizes parents' characteristics by living arrangement.13 Among all the main respondent parents of the children studied, 51.8% are co-residing with adult children, 42.6% are fathers, and each has 3.4 children on average, with a mean age of 68.4 years. Overall, our parent sample has low education levels: as many as 54.9% are illiterates, and 21.8% have not graduated from primary school.
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Married 60.84 54.28 67.89 0.029 Separated 1.14 0.98 1.32 0.657 Divorced 0.51 0.00 1.05 0.045 Widowed 37.01 43.77 29.74 < 0.001 Never married 0.51 0.98 0.00 0.045 # of children 3.40 3.54 3.26 0.016 Zhejiang 52.85 44.01 62.37 < 0.001 Urban 41.95 34.23 50.26 < 0.001 Living with adult children 51.84 100.00 0.00 House owner 89.48 94.38 84.21 < 0.001 Education (%) Illiterate 54.88 57.21 52.37 0.172 Less than primary education 21.80 22.00 21.58 0.885 Primary school 13.43 12.71 14.21 0.539 Middle school 5.83 4.65 7.11 0.144 High school and above 4.06 3.42 4.74 0.353 Pre-transfer income per capita (PTI, 000s)
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From page 216... ...
Financial transfers involve giving money, helping pay bills such as medi cal care or insurance, schooling, and down payment for a home or rent. These transfers are further divided into regular and irregular financial transfers.
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Irregular transfers account for the largest part of financial transfers, with prevalence rates roughly three times that of regular financial transfers. The average net amount of total transfers is about 741 RMB per child, in which financial transfers take up 548 RMB and in-kind transfers take up 192 RMB.
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From page 218... ...
We have two specifications, with and without the parental health measures, which can arguably be considered as endogenous. As is shown in Table 9-4, pre-transfer parental income, number of parents' children, province, and living arrangements are all correlated with the incidence of children giving transfers, while the coefficients of age, 16 An earlier version of this chapter included analyses of gross transfers from parents to children, which as noted is far less common than from children to parents.
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From page 219... ...
The OLS models are able to estimate the coefficients of parent characteristics, while the family FE models correct for unobserved family heterogeneity and compare transfer behaviors among different children within the same family. FE results are displayed in Tables 9-6 and 9-7, where the sample is further restricted to those having at least one eligible (i.e., nonco-resident and adult)
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(4) Parent Characteristics Demographics Age 0.006 (0.034)
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(2) Parent characteristics are from main respondents.
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(4) Parent Characteristics Demographics Age –4.397 (103.567)
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–154.430 (172.322) Middle school –5.779 (187.153)
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(2) Clustered standard errors at family level are in parentheses.
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(2) Clustered standard errors at family level are in parentheses.
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From page 226... ...
Daughters, on the other hand, provide less, weakly significant for financial transfers. Child schooling at the high school or above level is strongly related to the amount of net transfers given in the OLS regressions, but the education dummies as a group become insignificant, and the coefficient magni tudes decline once we take into account fixed family effects.
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From page 227... ...
. Patterns of intergenerational transfers in Southeast Asia.
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From page 228... ...
. Intergenerational support and the life-cycle incomes of young men and their parents: Human capital investments, co-residence, and intergenerational financial transfers.
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