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4 Replacing Critical Materials with Abundant Materials
Pages 21-28

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From page 21...
... The Buckwald-Hartwig carbon-nitrogen bond-forming reactions automotive industry is a major user of platinum, palladium, are another class of palladium-catalyzed chemistries used and rhodium in catalytic converters, which has spurred widely in the pharmaceutical and agricultural industries research on the use of other types of materials as catalysts. (Hartwig, 1998; Wolfe et al., 1998)
From page 22...
... Instead, the intention much iron? " is to look at the reactivity characteristics of the cheap metals, The reasons that more cheap metal catalysts are not understand the electronics of the reactions and the energy widely used today are many, and Bullock listed several of states, and then build a catalyst around those metals from them.
From page 23...
... are focusing on the role that phosphine ligands bearing Developing a clearer understanding of the mechanism pendant amines play in proton relays when these ligands involved in catalytic oxidation of hydrogen played an are built into the second coordination sphere around nickel. important role in taking these initial results and creating Research at PNNL has shown that proton transfer into or far superior nickel hydrogen oxidation catalysts.
From page 24...
... Catalysts convert these pollut- Platinum and palladium were incorporated into the first ants into nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide, and water. catalytic converters when regulations mandated reductions
From page 25...
... The catalytic converter supply chain starts with the that the automotive catalyst market accounts for most of the substrate manufacturers, who send their product to the cata- world demand for rhodium. lyst coaters who purchase the metals.
From page 26...
... Some diesel exhaust cata- There are a number of non-precious-metal catalysts lysts did not use any platinum-group metals, with ceria and suitable for NOx reduction. Copper zeolites are best at low alumina providing just enough catalytic activity to oxidize temperatures, whereas iron zeolites perform best at high particulate matter enough to meet emission standards then temperatures.
From page 27...
... . At Ford, Lambert and her colleagues found that a zeolite amount of platinum on the copper-zeolite catalyst turns the known as chabazite, which has a very small average pore latter into an ammonia oxidation catalyst instead of a NOx size, combined with copper is a suitable diesel exhaust cata- reduction catalyst.
From page 28...
... Because the rates comparable to palladium-based catalysts. He hoped that SCR systems are performing the bulk of NOx reduction, industry would now step in and take the catalysts developed diesel engines can now run at higher fuel efficiencies, which in academia and make the improvements needed to create reduces carbon dioxide emissions.


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