The Role of the Chemical Sciences in Finding Alternatives to Critical Resources A Workshop Summary (2012) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
6 Critical Materials in Large-Scale Battery Applications
6 Critical Materials in Large-Scale Battery Applications
Pages 37-44
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 37... ...
Energy is a function of volume. Battery storage capacity CRITICAL MATERIALS FOR BULK ENERGY STORAGE is directly related to the amount of active material used.
|
From page 38... ...
The United States has Other promising battery technologies include flow batsubstantial reserves of lithium brines, and China, Canada, teries, magnesium batteries, and zinc manganese oxide Brazil, and Australia have reserves of lithium carbonate. batteries.
|
From page 39... ...
"In with a coulombic efficiency -- a measure of self-discharge -- particular, the aluminum smelter was the inspiration for the of 99.7 percent per cycle. The voltage of this initial battery liquid metal battery project." was low, only 0.5 V compared to 3.5 V for a lithium-ion An aluminum smelter is a huge electrolysis machine that battery.
|
From page 40... ...
While running electrochemical experiments on molten zinc chloride, the researchers noted that, under an applied potential, zinc would start depositing on one of the electrodes, with the corresponding release of chlorine gas. This is standard electrochemistry and not a surprise, but when they added zinc telluride to the system, experimental data showed that tellurium was dissolving as an anion, a totally unexpected finding because metals usually dissolve as cations.
|
From page 41... ...
Manufacturing costs associated with the Battery-quality lithium carbonate costs less than $5/kg, and organic solvent electrolyte are high, and its ionic conducthe other materials in a lithium-ion battery -- cobalt oxide, tivity is relatively low compared to aqueous electrolytes. manganese oxide, copper, and aluminum, among others -- are Lower ionic conductivity means that the electrodes must be also relatively inexpensive and plentiful.
|
From page 42... ...
with a sodium manganate cathode and aqueous sodium sul Whitacre is working on an aqueous electrolyte battery that fate as the electrolyte, the resulting cell was stable to 1.8 V might fit the latter scenario of low cost, low energy densities, and could be cycled between 0.4 and 1.8 V for thousands and long lifetime. Aqueous electrolyte batteries are based of cycles with negligible loss of capacity and 100 percent on an old technology.
|
From page 43... ...
Responding to a comment about how storage devices would be incorporated into the grid, Whitacre noted that DISCUSSION a New York utility company recently put out a call for In response to a question about the power versus energy proposals for a peaking gas turbine to supply 1,600 GWh of demands on a battery intended for use on the grid, Bradwell power, and one of the responses was not for a power plant said that the real issue is the ratio of rated power to rated but for batteries that would be housed in several warehouses energy. Batteries for frequency regulation need to discharge distributed across Long Island.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.