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From page 335... ... Index A Ability tests/testing accuracy in predicting job performance, 18 biases against minorities, 5-6, 259 cognitive, 18, 19, 44 comparability issue, 222, 232 constitutionality of, 39, 44 for employment screening, rationale, 9, 17, 18 fairness perspectives, 19, 135, 149, 199, 253-261, 277-278 generalization of validity, 19; see also Validity generalization; VG-GATB Referral System of handicapped people, 22~221, 232 item selection strategy, 268-270 modification for handicapped people, 22~221, 232 predictive power of, 19 racially disproportional results as discriminatory, 44 research by Employment Service on, 65 value of, 216 see also Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery; General Aptitude Test Battery; Intelligence testing 335 Affirmative action programs arguments against, 34 arguments for, 35 components of, 46 court-ordered remedies, 45~6 enforcement authority for, 46 by federal contractors, 46 in federal departments and agencies, 42, 46 and general consensus on equality, 30 legality of, 46~7, 49-50, 58 preferential treatment in, 37-38, 45-48 pressure on employers to adopt, 45 purpose of, 58 quota systems, 47-48 reverse discrimination in, 47 score adjustments in ability tests, 21, 51, 213 voluntary private-sector, 46-47, 49 see also Preferential treatment by race, ethnicity, or gender American College Testing Program, 114 American Legion, 225, 226, 229-230 Armed Forces Qualification Test combat composite, 92 test parts, 92, 95 training aptitude, 94-95, 98 uses, 92 validities, 94-96, 98, 146 Read the entire page →
From page 336... ... Board, 37, 39, 45 C Civil Rights Act of 1964 ambiguities in, 3~43 class action suits under, 34; see also specific cases and investigations of GATB fairness, 134 1972 amendments to, 42~3, 46 preferential treatment under, 3~39, 46 purpose and effectiveness of, 40 resistance to, 40 see also Title VII of the Civil Rights Act Civil rights policies and equal protection clause of Constitution, 44 equity and, 39~43 and general consensus on fairness and justice, 29-30 sources of debate over, 3~33 Civil service, 32, 38, 225, 226, 229 Clerical perception (Q) in cognitive composite, 142 convergent validity coefficients for, 89-90, 97, 306-309 defined, 74 practice effects on, 111-112 subtest for, 75, 90, 91, 100, 309 speededness, 74, 100 see also Perceptual composite Coaching and chance scores for power tests, 101 effects on GATB scores, 113-114 random answers, 4, 100-101, 109 for Scholastic Aptitude Test, 110 speededness and, 11, 73 study with mentally retarded adults, 113-114 vulnerability of GATB to, 101, 109~110, 115 see also Practice effects Cognitive composite alternate-form reliabilities for, 93, 96 correlations with perceptual and psychomotor composites, 137-138, 145, 168 convergent validity coefficients for, 89-90, 97, 309 Read the entire page →
From page 337... ... INDEX 337 defined, 142 effect sizes with same-form retesting, 325 effect sizes with alternate-form retesting, 326 equivalent forms reliabilities, 317 estimated effect size of practice on scores, 11~113 Hunter-Schmidt composite, 22-23, 13~138 measures of, 5, 142 score conversion for, 83 stability coefficients by age and test-retest interval, 87, 312-315 weighting of, 136, 138, 144, 146, 168 scores for handicapped people, 223 Cognitive composite validities across job families, 15~155, 15~159, 161, 164-165, 168, 169, 17~171 age of job seeker correlated with, 156, 218 for clerical work, 244 education correlated with, 157 by experience of job seeker, 15~157 for job performance, 22-23, 136-138, 141-142, 147, 155, 161, 164 165, 168, 169, 169, 17~171 restriction of range in, 145, 167, 168 for skilled trades, 244 sampling error corrections in, 164 by sex, 158 by study type, 155 and training success, 155, 161, 164, 168, 169 by year of study, 159 Combined Rules Referral Plan computation of score adjustment factor, 273-274 norm groups for within-group scoring, 273-274 operationalization of, 271-273 recommended use of, 12, 271 Constitution, Fourteenth Amendment antisubjugation principle, 36 equal protection clause, intent of, 34, 3~37, 43 44 violation of, 37; see also specific cases Construct validity answer sheet design and, 99, 102, 106, 115 artificial factors affecting, 19 ASVAB, 91-96 for cognitive aptitudes, 89 evidence supporting, 303-304 for GATB subtests, 8~91, 98, 304 310; see also Convergent validity coefficients and item selection strategy, 269-270 of modified tests for handicapped people, 220 for perceptual aptitudes, 89 psychometric theory of, 17-19 for psychomotor aptitudes, 89 and school grades, 9~95 sources of evidence, 88 89 speededness and, 95, 102-106, 115, 308 Convergent validity coefficients clerical perception, 89~90, 97, 30~309 cognitive aptitude, 89-90, 97, 305-307, 309 finger dexterity, 89, 30~307, 309 form perception, 89-90, 30~309 intelligence, 89-90 military training, 93-96 manual dexterity, 89, 30~307, 309 motor coordination, 89, 306-307, 309 numerical aptitude, 89, 306, 307-308, 3099 perceptual aptitude, 89-90, 97 psychomotor aptitude, 89, 97 spatial aptitude, 89-90, 97, 306-309 verbal aptitude, 89, 306, 307, 309 Correlation coefficients (r) for age of job seekers and composite validity, 156 diagrams of linear relationships, 151 education and composite validity, 157 experience and age of job seeker, 156 experience and composite validity, 15~157 of GATB-based predictors with supervisor ratings, 5, 6, 150, 151 interpretation of, 15~151 by job family, 164 minority group differences in, 17~178 sampling error corrections in, 164 of spatial and perceptual abilities, 244 of test score and job performance, 126, 15(~151 of test score and productivity, 237, 244 weighting for sample size, 175 year of study and composite validity, 159 see also Predictive validities Counseling, see Vocational counseling Read the entire page →
From page 338... ... , 89, 91, 305 Differential prediction analysis application, 178 defined, 6, 178 distributions of standardized differences in predicted scores, 183-184 equations for, 173 group membership variable, 179, 254 intercepts, 181-182, 264 265 of referral rules, 264-266 sampling variability and, 181, 184, 263 and selection bias, 178 slopes of regression of criterion scores, 18~181, 182, 184-185 standard errors of prediction, 179 and test bias, 255 total-group regression equations, 182-185, 188, 253 t-ratios, 180 Differential validity forms of studies, 172 across job families, 174-178 by race, 157, 172, 174-178, 188, 253 and sampling error, 176 and setting, 172 by sex, 157-158, 172, 173, 177-178 uses of studies, 172 Discrimination conceptualization by Supreme Court, 41 constitutional justification for structural remedies, 38, 44 constitutional safeguards against, 43~4 EEOC interpretation of, 41 exclusionary, 37 inclusionary, 37, 42 against individuals versus groups, 36-37 "perpetrator perspective" of, 44 pervasiveness of, 36 reverse, 3, 34, 35, 47, 200, 252 showing necessary in constitutional cases, 44 social sanction of, 38 Title VII definition, 38, 40, 41 underrepresentation of minorities as, 42 use of race-conscious mechanisms to overcome, 3, 21, 5~51; see also Score adjustments within-group scoring mechanisms as, 2~22 Disabled American Veterans, 225, 226 Disabled Veterans' Outreach Program, 228 E Economic claims for VG-GATB system aggregate economic gains, 241-245, 248 committee estimate of, 241 critique of, ~9, 199, 235-248 Read the entire page →
From page 339... ... Employment Service Enhanced National Data System (ENDS) , 198 Equal employment opportunity basis for federal policies, 19, 38-43 through race-conscious employment practices, 29 reduction of legal vulnerability to suits under, 27 USES promotion of, with score adjustments, 21 see also Affirmative action programs; Civil Rights Act of 1964 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) Read the entire page →
From page 340... ... convergent validity coefficients for, 8~90, 306-309 defined, 74 practice effects on, 111-112 subtests for, 77-78, 90, 308, 309 see also Perceptual composite G General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) administration protocols, 4, 9~102, 114, 115, 196,221,223-224 age of, 3-4, 73 applications, 1, 18, 68, 73, 97, 114, 115 attributes measured by, 3, 74; see also GATB aptitudes and aptitude composites changes in, and effects on existing validity studies, 102 data base on, see USES validity studies of GATB coaching for, 101, 109~110, 113-114, 116 compared to ASVAB, 4, 91-96, 97-98 development of, 1, ~4, 60 61, 74 differential predictions by race, 6, 254 economic benefits of, 2, 8-9, 19, 200, 235-248 equating alternate forms of, 83, 85-86, 97, 98, 317-322 equivalent forms reliabilities, 315-317 fair use of, 25~261, 277-278 flaws in, 4, 11, 73, 84, 98, 99-116 gatekeeping function, 97, 98 guessing, vulnerability to, 100 guidelines for use of, 10, 223 IBM answer sheet, 100 inappropriate use of, 10, 68~9 incentives for increased use of, 1 instructions to examiners, 99-102, 115 item bias in, 107, 108-109, 115 legality of, 200 length of, 214, 222-223 minority average scores on, 7 NCS answer sheet, 99, 102, 103, 106, 114 normative data, 4, 83, 84~5, 97, 98 number of items on, 80 practice effects on scores, 11~113, 116 promotion to employers, 67, 198-201, 286 psychometric properties/quality of, 3 - , 73-98, 206, 303-322 random answers to, 4, 100 reasons given by applicants for not taking, 68-69 reliability, 4, 8~88, 31~317, 325-328 Read the entire page →
From page 341... ... Barry, 50 Handicapped, see People with handicapping conditions Hispanics effects of score adjustment on employment opportunities, 9 normative data for, 85 score adjustments for, 11 test score differences of, 2~21, 27 see also Minorities Hunter, John, see Hunter-Schmidt analyses Hunter-Schmidt analyses average validities compared with committee-derived validities, 5, 14~152, 16~170 corrections for criterion unreliability, 5, 129, 133, 165-166, 170 Read the entire page →
From page 342... ... convergent validity coefficients for, 8~90, 305-307, 309 defined, 74, 138, 139, 141, 142 and job performance, 137 practice effects on, 111-112 subtests for, 76, 77, 90, 305, 307 temporal stability coefficient for, 87-88 Intelligence testing Army Alpha, 23, 2~25 Binet scale, 23, 24 claims for, 23, 27 critics of, 25-26 dangers of, 3, 25, 27 and eugenics, 23-24 of groups, 23, 24-26 history of IQ testing, 23-24 misuse of data from, 3, 23-24, 25-27 need for, 24 oral (Army Beta) , 24 relevance to current policy, 26-27 Item-bias analyses detection of irrelevant difficulty, 107 differential item functioning, 107 Mantel-Haenszel procedure, 108 measures of internal bias, 107 point-biserial correlations, 107-110 proportion attempted, 107-108 proportion correct, 107, 108-109 purpose, 107 J Job counselors, see Vocational counseling Job families construction of, 136, 143-145, 147 complexity groupings, 114 145 credibility values for best predictors by, 165 criterion measures appropriate for, 158 distribution of USES validity studies over, 16~161 multivariate matching with, 245 optimal predictors by, 16~169 Read the entire page →
From page 343... ... Employment Service Johnson, Lyndon, 37 (quote) , 42 Johnson v. Read the entire page →
From page 344... ... convergent validity coefficients for, 89, 30~307, 309 defined, 74 practice effects on, 111-113 reliability of subtests for, 96 speededness, 74 subtests for, 78, 79~0, 96 see also Psychomotor aptitude Marshall, Burke, 3~37, 42 McKinney, M W., 202-203 Measurement error sources of, 100, 129, 140, 278, 310 and test reliability, 87, 310 Merit hiring, 32 Meritocracy, and equality, 32-33, 35, 38 Meta-analysis, 18 defined, 18, 119 procedure, 120 of race effects in performance measures, 18~187 robustness of evidence from, 120 uses in scientific research, 119~120, 135 see also Validity generalization Minorities biases against, in ability tests, 5 - , 259 effect of rank-ordered test scores on, 2,3,7,9, 11,20,220 effect of VG-GATB system on, 21~220, 231-232 effects of score adjustments on, 9, 21~219, 231-232 federal commitment to well-being of, 30, 47, 261 GATB predictive validities for, 5-7, 9, 103-105 job performance, 7, 9 normative data for, 85 perceptions of fairness of VG-GATB system, 217 pooling of samples from USES studies, 162 referral and placement rates, 21~219 scientific justification for adjustment of test scores of, 6 8 test performance, 7, 11, 105-106, 172-173, 187, 219 see also Blacks; Hispanics; Native Americans; Non-English-speaking people Motor coordination (K) Read the entire page →
From page 345... ... p Pegues v. Mississippi State Employment Service, 200 People with handicapping conditions ability testing of, 22~223, 232-233 cognitive measures for, 221 effects of rank-ordering on, 224 effects of VG-CiATB system on, 22~225, 232-233 GATB use on, 10, 223-22S, 232 Job Service intake process for, 68 legislation affecting USES involvement with, 59 referral mechanisms for, 10, 14, 192, 196, 22~225, 232 research findings on testing of, 221-223 test scores, 220 veterans, 14 Perceptual composite alternate-form reliabilities for, 93 cognitive and psychomotor abilities correlated with, 22-23, 137-138, 168 convergent validity coefficients for, 89-90, 97, 309 effect sizes with alternate-form retesting, 327 effect sizes with same-form retesting, 326 estimated effect size of practice on scores,11~113 exclusion of, from Hunter-Schmidt analyses, 137-139, 141-143, 147 prediction from cognitive and psychomotor composites, 139, 141 score computation for, 83 spatial ability correlated with, 141-142, 244 stability coefficients by age and test-retest interval, 88, 96, 312-315 weighting of, 144, 168 Perceptual composite validities age of job seeker and, 156, 218 for clerical work, 244 criterion unreliability corrections in, 168 differential by sex, 158 and education of job seeker, 157 and experience of job seeker, 156-157 frequency distributions of, 152 Read the entire page →
From page 346... ... economy, 3, 8, 12, 19, 130, 133, 170, 200, 206, 214; see also Validity generalization average, of aptitude composites, 5, 169-170 committee estimates of, 5, 15~152, 168, 253 compared to ASVAB, 4, 93-96, 98 corrected for sampling error, 164 criterion unreliability corrections and, 5, 168, 169-170 date of study and, 158-163, 170 frequency distributions for GATB composites, 152 across job families, 15~155, 158-161, 170 means and standard deviations, 15~151 for minority job seekers, 5-7, 9, 103-105 overestimates of, 9, 170 in predictive versus concurrent studies, 15~155 psychomotor composite exclusion and, 139 by race, see Differential prediction analysis; Differential validity research support for, 5; see also Hunter-Schmidt studies; Validity studies restriction-of-range corrections and, 5, 94, 162, 206 sample size and, 140, 151, 16~161 by sex, see Differential prediction analysis; Differential validity for supervisor ratings, 7, 8, 94, 155, 16~161, 169 temporal stability of, 161-163, 169 for training criteria, =5, 94, 97-98, 155, 16~161, 169 weighting of specific aptitudes and, 141, 142 see also Correlation coefficients; Differential validity Preferential treatment by race, ethnicity, or gender admissions policies at universities, 35 in affirmative action programs, 37-38, 45-48 arguments against, 33-35 arguments for, 33, 35-37 as compensation for past injustices, 36, 37 as discrimination, 22 Read the entire page →
From page 347... ... , 221 Psychometric theory, on factors affecting test validity, 17-19 Psychomotor composite and answer sheet design, 102, 115 coaching study with mentally retarded adults,113-114 convergent validity coefficients for, 89, 97 equivalent forms reliabilities, 317 estimated effect size of practice on scores,ll~113 Hunter-Schmidt composite, 136-139 perceptual and cognitive composites correlated with, 137-138, 143, 168 reliabilities for, 96 research needs on, 98 score computation for, 83 stability coefficients for, 88 weighting of, 136, 138, 144, 145-146, 168 Psychomotor composite validities age of job seeker and, 156, 218 criterion unreliability corrections and, 168 decline in, 163 education correlated with, 157 effect sizes with alternate-form retesting, 328 effect sizes with same-form retesting, 327 experience of job seeker correlated with, 156-157 across job families, 154-155, 158-159, 161, 164 165, 168, 171 for job performance, 23, 141-142, 147, 15~151, 155, 161, 164-165, 168, 169 restriction of range and, 145, 168 sampling error corrections in, 164 by sex, 158 stability by age and test-retest interval, 312-315 by study type, 155 for training success, 155, 161, 164 165, 168 by year of study, 159 Public Employment Service administration of, 56, 60 characteristics of applicants, 53, 55 federal involvement in, 55, 58, 6~61; see also U.S. Employment Service functions of, 55-57, 60 historical development, 55 60 job-matching role, 52-53 legislative basis, 56 local offices, 57, 60, 62-66 operations at local level, 66~9 state-level activities, 55-57, 61-62: see also Job Service; State Employment Security Agencies structure, 6~66 use patterns, 53-54 veterans' benefits under, 225, 227-228 R Race/ethnic it y bias in speededness of tests, 10~106, 115 bias in supervisor ratings on basis on, 6, 185-187, 188 differential predictability of GATB by, 6, 157, 162 preferential treatment based on, 33-38 temporal stability of GATB for, 87, 162 Racial classifications benign, 37, 252 constitutionality of, 34, 37, 38 Rawls, John, 33, 35 Recommendations GATB use, 282-283 handicapped people, 14, 224, 233, 288-289 Read the entire page →
From page 348... ... 348 INDEX operational use of VG-GATB system, 11, 281-283 pilot studies, 13, 208, 287 promotion of VG-GATB program, 12-13, 207, 248, 286-287 referral methods, 11-12, 232, 279-280, 282-284 referral rules, 12, 279-280, 283-284 score adjustments, 11-12, 279, 283-284 score reporting, 12, 276-277, 280, 284-286 test security, 11, 116, 282 veterans' preference, 13-14, 234, 287-288 vocational counseling, 224, 233, 234 Recommendations for research bias in supervisor ratings, 187 effects of VG-GATB system, 208, 287 forms development for GATB, 98, 116 job classification scheme, 148 normative data, 98, 280, 284 psychomotor aptitude measures, 98 reducing speededness, 11, 116, 282 referral rules, 280, 284 scoring system for GATB, 98 test equating, 86, 98, 116 Referral rules adverse impact of, 261 analysis of, 262-266 committee recommendation, 277-280, 283-284; see Combined Rules Referral Plan effects of, 266-268, 279 equity and efficiency in, 261-274 minimum competency, 262, 268, 279 performance-based score, top-down, 262, 268, 278-279 raw-score, top-down, 261, 266, 267, 268, 270, 278 top-down, 21, 198, 210, 211, 214, 22~229, 233 within-group percentile score, top-down, 261-262, 266-267, 268, 278 and work-force efficiency, 21, 198, 211 see also Employee selection; Performance-based score adjustments; Score adjustments; Vocational counseling; Within-group percentile scores Referral ratio policy, 22 Regents of the University of California Bakke, 35, 46 Regression equations/analyses and correlations between aptitudes, 137 development of, 142 for predicting job performance, 137, 139, 142, 144-145 for relating composite scores to job performance, 84, 139 for training success, 144 weighting of aptitudes in, 139 see also Differential prediction analysis Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 59, 220 Reliability alternate forms, 93, 317-322 ASVAB, 93 coefficients, 31~311 data availability on, 165 defined, 86, 310 equivalent forms, 31~317 of GATB aptitude scores, 86~8, 138, 307, 308, 31~317 GATB compared with ASVAB, 4, 93, 97-98 internal consistency estimates of, 109-110, 317; see also Item-bias analysis interrater, 165-166 and item selection strategy, 270 measurement error and, 87 of measurements, defined, 139 n. l measures of, 129, 139, 165 methods for estimating, 87, 311 overestimates of, 165 of supervisor ratings, 122, 128-129, 132-133, 145, 162-163, 165-166 temporal stability, 87, 311-314 see also Criterion unreliability corrections Restriction-of-range correction for ASVAB validities, 94 committee basis for, 170 computation of, 94, 126-127 effect on GATB validities, 5, 132, 145 effect on observed validities, 127 Hunter-Schmidt, 5, 128, 132, 145, 166-167, 170 in predictive versus concurrent studies, 154 problem in determining, 125, 132 purpose of, 132 Read the entire page →
From page 349... ... , 48-49, 252 Rhoades, Dennis, 229 S Sampling error computation of, 122-123, 163-164 corrections for, 123-124, 132, 16~165 defined, 122 in differential validity studies, 176 effects of, 153, 16~165 reliability measure based on, 139~140 size of sample and, 153, 163-164 San Francisco Police Officers' Association v. San Francisco, 50 Schmidt, Frank, see Hunter-Schmidt analyses Scholastic Aptitude Test, 110, 114, 221-222, 232 School desegregation, 39, 44 Score adjustments for affirmative action purposes, 51, 213, 230 for aptitude composites, 83-84 complexity in VG-GATB system, 84, 97 conversion tables for, 20 drawbacks of, 270 for error, 80, 83, 99 for guessing, 75 item elimination, 50 for job families, 83-84 legality of, 3, 10, 48~9, 50, 200, 218, 230 for NCS answer sheet, 103 purpose of, 2, 21, 84 recommendations, 11-12, 252, 279~280, 283-286 reporting to employers, 12, 14, 27~277, 279, 280, 28~286 reverse discrimination in, 3, 252 scientific justification for, 6~, 255-258, 266-267, 278-279 theoretical comparisons of, 253 for veterans, see Veterans' preference see also Fairness; Performance-based score adjustments; Test scores; Within-group percentile scores Security, see Test security Selection error differential prediction and, 178 false-acceptance rates, 6, 7, 255-258 false-rejection rates, 6, 7, 255-258 impact on minorities, 6-7, 178, 261-268 Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, 227 Seymour, Richard T., 257-258 Skill Qualification Tests, 95-96 Slavery, 31, 34 Social justice, philosophical foundations in U.S., 30-33 Social Security Act of 1935, 56, 58, 59 Spatial aptitude (S) Read the entire page →
From page 350... ... United States, 42 Terman, Lewis, 24 Test Development Field Centers, 59, 61, 163, 175, 178, 199, 204, 221 Test equating and comparability of constructs measured, 31~321 of GATB subtests, 85~6, 97, 98 goalsof,317 and sampling errors, 321-322 standard errors of, 86 techniques for, 317-318 test difficulty differences and, 85~6 Test performance item difficulty and, 107; see also Item-bias analyses familiarity with test and, 106 by minorities, 7, 11, 105-106, 172-173, 187, 219 point-biserial correlations of, 109 practice effects on, 106, 11~113; see also Coaching random answers and, 4, 10~101, 109 speed of test and, 103-106; see also Speededness of tests Test scores age of job seekers and, 156, 218 and alternate-form retesting, 110, 112-113 benefits of rank-ordering by, 20 chance scores and coaching for power subtests, 10~101 comparability for handicapped people, 222 correction for error, 80, 99 correction/penalty for guessing, 75, 102 and differential validity, 173-174 effects of rank-ordering on low scorers, 217-218 effects of rank-ordering on minorities, 2, 3, 20, 218-219, 266-268 expectancy scores, 12, 14, 276, 277 Golden Rule procedure for reducing group differences in, 268-270 of handicapped people, 220 impacts on job prospects, 196 and imperfect prediction, 256-257 and job performance, 9, 18, 121, 125, 173, 182,204,210,217,262 practice effects on, 11~113 and productivity, ~9, 237, 246 reporting of, 12, 251-252, 274-277, 279 and same-form retesting, 11~111, 113 and supervisor ratings, 7, 121, 174 and work experience of employees, 206 see also Score adjustments; Total-group percentile scores; Within-group percentile scores Test security ASVAB, 4, 91-92, 98, 114 availability of forms outside government, 4 and administration protocols, 4 fairness and, 11 Read the entire page →
From page 351... ... , 3~39, 49 section 706(g) , 45 unlawful employment practices under, 40, 41 USES programs under, 59 see also Equal Employment Opportunity Total-group percentile scores expectancy scores from, 12, 276 reporting of, 275-276 Trainability, measures of, 92, 98 Training programs criterion-referenced assessment for, 96 for disadvantaged job applicants, 56, 58, 59 race-conscious admission policies, 49 for test administrators, 114 for veterans, 59, 64 Training success credibility values for, 165 external factors influencing, 155 measure of, 155 regression equations for, 144 reliability value, 165-166 and sex of job seeker, 158 validities for, 155, 158, 160 161, 16~165, 168, 169 Tribe, Laurence, 36, 44, 45, 47 True validities correlations between, 141 defined, 121 effect of reliability correction on, 129 effects of sampling error corrections on, 164-165 estimation from observed validities, 121-124 joint distribution of, 142 population basis, 122, 124 underestimation of, 166 variance over studies, 139-140 U Unemployment insurance administrative responsibilities for, 61 legislative basis, 56, 58, 59 number of claimants, 55 registration for, 68 relationship to employment referral functions, 61 work test, 64 Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures, 6, 19, 43, 51 United States Code, Title 38 USES programs under, 59 veterans programs under, 58, 64, 67, 227 United Steel Workers of America v. Read the entire page →
From page 352... ... , 136, 150-152, 154, 160-161, 164 165, 167-169 number of jobs covered by, 137 predictive versus concurrent, 152, 154-155 quality and comparability of, 150 by race, 157 reliability data in, 165 sample sizes and characteristics, 134-138, 145, 151-152, 153, 157, 160, 162, 174, 175, 179 by sex, 157 temporal stability problem, 15~163, 169 Specific Aptitude Test Battery development, 134-135, 136, 174, 177, 179 Utility analysis, see Hunter-Schmidt analyses; Economic claims for VG-GATB system V Validities criterion-related, defined, 121 n.1, 150; see also Job performance; Supervisor ratings; Training System success Validity studies GATB, summarized, 151 moderators of, 152-160 omnibus statistical test for difference among, 131 by race, see Differential validity restriction ratios, 125, 127-128 by sex, see Differential validity situational aspects of, 135 see also Convergent validity coefficients; Construct validity; General Aptitude Test Battery; Observed validities; Predictive validity; True validities Validity generalization age of job seekers and, 156 applicability to all jobs, 8, 19, 129, 133, 170 applied to GATB, 13~148 approach, 121 conceptual basis, 22, 132 connecting sample and population, 122, 129-130, 133 criterion-related validity research and, 13~136, 171; see also Hunter-Schmidt analyses and cognitive and psychomotor factors, 136-143 criterion reliability in, 122, 12~129, 130, 132-133, 165-166 definition, 1 n.1 experience of job seeker and, 15~157, 206, 216 and intelligence (g) , 22-27 interpretation of small variances in, 13~131 and job families, 143-147, 154 regression equations relating composite scores to job performance, 84 restriction of range in, 122, 12~128, 130, 132, 154-155, 162, 166-168 sample size and, 135, 152, 153, 160-161 and sampling error, 122-124, 130, 132, 135, 152, 153, 163-165 and study type, 154-155 test score variance and, 128 theoretical framework, 22-23, 121-133, 169 and year of study, 158-163 see also Meta-analysis; Predictive validities; VG-GATB Referral of ASVAB, 93-96 costs of, 43 definition of applicant groups for jobs in, 127 file drawer problem, 130 flaws in, 9, 127 form changes and, 102 of GATB, 149-171 of GATB construct, 8~91, 97 of handicapped groups, 223-224 Read the entire page →
From page 353... ... INDEX 353 sample sizes and compositions, 89 technical requirements for, 43 see also Hunter-Schmidt analyses; USES validity studies of GATB Verbal aptitude (V) convergent validity coefficients for, 89, 306, 307, 309 defined, 74 practice effects on, 111-112 as a predictor of job performance, 137 subtest for, 76 see also Cognitive composite Veterans employment offices for, 56 employment opportunity legislation and programs for, 59, 64, 225, 227-228 intake for employment registration, 68 need/desire to be tested, 216, 225 number using Employment Service, 55 qualified, defined, 228, 233 responsibility for employment and training services, 227 score adjustments for, 230-231, 234 VG-GATB system file search for, 192 Veterans Employment, Training and Counseling Act of 1987, 59 Veterans' Job Training Act, 64 Veterans of Foreign Wars, 225, 226, 230 Veterans Placement Offices, 56 Veterans' preference in civil service, 38, 225, 227, 229 defined, 226, 228 eligibility lists, 227 history of, 225-227 incorporation in VG-GATB system, 10, 13-14, 197, 22~229, 233-234 by Job Service, 67, 225 legal basis for, 10, 58, 59, 64, 67, 227, 229 point system, 226, 227 Public Employment Service and, 227-228 referral priority by USES, 38 reporting to employers, 14, 234 and within-group scoring, 229-231 Veterans' Preference Act of 1944, 22~227 VG-GATB Referral System aggregate economic effects, 247 applicants' attitudes about, 215-217, 231 benefits of, 8, 9, 27, 193, 210-211, 213, 247; see also Economic claims for VG-GATB system candidates selected per job opening, 212 community resistance to, 10, 210 computerization, 2, 68, 192, 197-198, 214 conceptual model of, 2, 192-198, 215, 218 concerns about, 8, 2~27, 97, 199; see also specific population groups constitutionality/legality of, 48~9, 51 counseling services, 193, 196 effects on employers, 9, 203, 21~211, 212-213, 231, 247 effects on job seekers, 21~218, 231-232 effects on low scorers, 8, 9, 217-218, 231 effects on minority job seekers, 21~220, 231-232 effects on older applicants, 156, 218, 231 effects on people with handicapping conditions, 22~225, 232-233 effects on veterans, 228-231, 233-234 efficiency of, 8, 193, 198 employee selection basis, 2, 11-12, 88, 19~197, 198 employer attitudes about, 203, 210-211, 212-213, 231 exclusive use, 27-28, 216, 218, 225, 231 file searches, 192, 193, 195-198 full-service office, 192, 19~195 GATB testing, 192, 194, 196, 214 implementation of, 201-206, 207-208; see also Pilot studies job classifications used in, 144, 147; see also Job families job order processing, 193 job seekers excluded from, 192, 196 legality of, 200, 206 local-office profile, 68-69 logistics, 210-211, 21 ~215 market penetration, 201, 202, 207 office effectiveness, 201, 202, 207 operational use of, 11, 97, 281-283 orientation, 193, 196 negative effects of, 214, 217-218 performance of referred workers, 201, 203-205, 207, 210, 213, 231, 246 Read the entire page →

From page 335...

... Index A Ability tests/testing accuracy in predicting job performance, 18 biases against minorities, 5-6, 259 cognitive, 18, 19, 44 comparability issue, 222, 232 constitutionality of, 39, 44 for employment screening, rationale, 9, 17, 18 fairness perspectives, 19, 135, 149, 199, 253-261, 277-278 generalization of validity, 19; see also Validity generalization; VG-GATB Referral System of handicapped people, 22~221, 232 item selection strategy, 268-270 modification for handicapped people, 22~221, 232 predictive power of, 19 racially disproportional results as discriminatory, 44 research by Employment Service on, 65 value of, 216 see also Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery; General Aptitude Test Battery; Intelligence testing 335 Affirmative action programs arguments against, 34 arguments for, 35 components of, 46 court-ordered remedies, 45~6 enforcement authority for, 46 by federal contractors, 46 in federal departments and agencies, 42, 46 and general consensus on equality, 30 legality of, 46~7, 49-50, 58 preferential treatment in, 37-38, 45-48 pressure on employers to adopt, 45 purpose of, 58 quota systems, 47-48 reverse discrimination in, 47 score adjustments in ability tests, 21, 51, 213 voluntary private-sector, 46-47, 49 see also Preferential treatment by race, ethnicity, or gender American College Testing Program, 114 American Legion, 225, 226, 229-230 Armed Forces Qualification Test combat composite, 92 test parts, 92, 95 training aptitude, 94-95, 98 uses, 92 validities, 94-96, 98, 146

Index Pages 335-353

Index
Pages 335-353