Analysis of Cancer Risks in Populations Near Nuclear Facilities Phase 1 (2012) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix N: Glossary
Appendix N: Glossary
Pages 401-408
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From page 401... ...
Biological plausibility: the criterion that an observed association could be causal based on existing biological knowledge. Biomarker: a substance or molecular/cellular event that is used as an indi cator of a specific biologic state and which can link a specific environ mental exposure to a health outcome.
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From page 402... ...
Confounder: a variable that is associated with both an exposure of inter est and disease of interest and may result in statistically false cause or prevent detection of a cause-effect relationship between the exposure and outcome of interest. Confidence intervals: the computed range with a particular confidence level, commonly set up at 95 percent, intended to give the assurance that if a statistical model is correct, the true value of the parameter (for example risk estimation)
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From page 403... ...
Ecologic fallacy: error in inference associated with ecologic studies due to extrapolating correlations observed at the group level to individuals; e.g., it has been shown that countries with high dietary fat intake have high incidence of breast cancer (the fallacy would be to infer from this observation alone that it is the individuals that have a high fat diet are those that develop breast cancer)
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From page 404... ...
Healthy worker effect: the notion that an individual must be relatively healthy to be employable in a workforce; therefore, both disease and mortality rates are typically lower among workers than in the general population. Within the workforce studies, healthier workers are more likely to stay employed for longer periods of time compared to the relatively unhealthy workers which would have the shortest duration of employment.
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From page 405... ...
: the ratio of the odds of an event occurring in one group to the odds of the event occurring in a comparison group. Population mixing hypothesis: proposes that childhood leukemia can be caused by a yet unidentified infectious agent transmitted due to the influx of people into rural areas where susceptible individuals are more prevalent than the average results in epidemics of this infection.
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From page 406... ...
. Risk communication: an interactive process of exchange of information and opinion among individuals, groups, and institutions; often involves multiple messages about the nature of risk or expressing concerns, opinions, or reactions to risk messages or to legal and institutional ar rangements for risk management.1 Risk management: The process by which results of risk assessments are integrated with other information (e.g., results of cost-benefit analysis, judgments about acceptable risk, and other societal concerns)
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From page 407... ...
: the ratio of deaths observed in the study group or population in a time period to the number of expected deaths if the study population has the mortality experience of the standard population. Standby mode: nuclear facilities available for operation but not currently operating.
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Key Terms
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