Workforce Needs in Veterinary Medicine (2013) / Chapter Skim
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8 Global Food Security
8 Global Food Security
Pages 155-168
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From page 155... ...
However, because of the complex relationships between animals, humans, and the environment, the dimensions of these initiatives are inevitably much broader and include global population growth, urbanization, poverty, farming efficiency, water conservation, transportation and global trade, and resilience of the food supply. Thus, the veterinary medical profession is confronted with challenges that are far more complicated than anything it has ever had to face and must learn to work with specialists from many other fields to find comprehensive, One Health solutions 155
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From page 156... ...
They include managing the impact of large, intensive livestock production facilities, maintaining livestock and poultry health and food safety, controlling infectious diseases, and developing a multi-functional veterinary profession. Food supply is linked to water supply because agriculture is a large user of water and changes in the availability of water can have a profound impact on food security.
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From page 157... ...
Supermarkets play an increasing role in marketing foods of animal origin in the developing world, but they are not located in slums. To address food insecurity, slum dwellers may maintain and live in close proximity to domesticated food animals.
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From page 158... ...
. The growth in the middle class is projected to be the world's major driver of economic expansion, with direct implications for the efficiency of food production and veterinary medicine.
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From page 159... ...
Between 1997 and 2002, urban milk consumption in China increased by an average of 25% per year facilitated by increased spendable income and the availability of refrigeration, supermarkets, western-style restaurant chains, and ice cream parlors. By contrast, consumption of dairy products among rural communities changed little (Figure 8-1)
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From page 160... ...
These figures emphasize that global food supplies are directly tied to the health and efficiency of the livestock and poultry industries and point to the growing importance and opportunities for the veterinary profession in sustaining food security in the future. SUSTAINABLE INTENSIFICATION OF FOOD ANIMAL PRODUCTION FAO estimates that available arable land will shrink by approximately 33% from 0.23 hectares (approximately 0.5 acre)
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From page 161... ...
Large-scale operations have the added advantage that they generally favor the introduction of new technologies and better management practices, factors that result in lower food prices, improved feed conversion and yields per animal, meaning fewer animals are required to meet demand. TABLE 8-1 Past and Projected Trends of Consumption of Livestock Products Developing World Developed World Percent Percent 1980 2030 increase 1980 2030 increase Total meat consumption 47 252 437 86 121 41 (million tonnes)
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From page 162... ...
. Thus, if population growth and the burgeoning cities of the developing world are to be sustained in rapidly warming climates, research and technical development is urgently needed, especially in tropical and sub-tropical agriculture.
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From page 163... ...
. As the numbers of livestock and poultry produced in the developing world has increased, world trade in foods of animal origin has also expanded significantly, increasing the opportunity for infectious agents to gain a foothold in food systems.
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From page 164... ...
, exotic Newcastle disease, African Swine Fever, and Classical Swine Fever infect only animals, but those diseases affect human lives when they reduce animal productivity and compromise the resilience of the food supply system. These diseases are endemic in many parts of the developing world where, for centuries, they have not only damaged animal health and productivity but caused incalculable hunger and suffering among poor rural communities.
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From page 165... ...
, and the World Health Organization (WHO) acknowledged the importance of building a global veterinary infrastructure by announcing a 5-year, international One Health initiative that aims to "strengthen the capacity of public veterinary services in preparation, prevention and response to animal disease occurrence" (FAO, 2010)
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From page 166... ...
The One Health Initiative has so far paid particular attention to the importance of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, especially zoonotic diseases. However, the connections of disease to food production argues for an expansion of that agenda to include urban food security, the sustainable intensification of livestock production, and ecosystem health in the developing world, as these are intertwined.
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From page 167... ...
To expand educational opportunities in the developing world, on-line programs designed to strengthen education in production medicine, public health, epidemiology, immunology, parasitology, microbiology, and pathology that are offered in the United States should be provided with the resources to make them available globally. American veterinary medicine should also advance food security through research on infectious diseases including parasitic diseases.
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From page 168... ...
As an indication of the concerns in the United States, the Department of Homeland Security is constructing the National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility to improve protection of the nation's food supply and agricultural economy. The Food and Drug Administration is beginning to implement the Food Safety Modernization Act that will require veterinary medical research to prevent food contamination and address issues of food safety on the farm.
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