Workforce Needs in Veterinary Medicine (2013) / Chapter Skim
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9 Academic Veterinary Medicine
9 Academic Veterinary Medicine
Pages 169-197
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From page 169... ...
. The academic faculty for the 28 veterinary colleges in the United States is an elite group of fewer than 4,000 members with the broad responsibility of preparing the U.S.
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From page 170... ...
It explores supply and anticipated needs for faculty members at the colleges of veterinary medicine, the need for graduate academic and specialty training, and the status of veterinary research. Some of the information for this chapter came from the Comparative Database compiled annually by the Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges (AAVMC)
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From page 171... ...
During subsequent economic downturns, the states continued to reduce support for their veterinary colleges, as did USDA. During this time, there was federal funding for training in food safety and laboratory animal medicine, primarily to support programs for military personnel.
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From page 172... ...
society to transform its agrarian workforce into the modern society of today. BOX 9-1 Standards for Accreditation from the American Veterinary Medical Association Veterinary colleges are responsible for developing and revising professional veterinary curricula.
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From page 173... ...
The health care of the pet is very similar to that of human medicine with the emphasis on individual animal care, including the everexpanding disciplines of specialty care. Over the last 25 years, academic veterinary medicine devoted more time to addressing companion animals as the primary clinical program in most veterinary colleges.
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From page 174... ...
The fourth year was devoted to companion animals; equine; food animals; food/small animals; small/large animals; zoological medicine and/or individual programs including additional research, and public health. Systems Curriculum Approach Recently, there has been interest in a systems approach that again focuses on a comprehensive core knowledge and competence for all students.
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From page 175... ...
Problem-Based Learning and Distributed Clinical Curriculum Approach The other curriculum which has been used by a few veterinary colleges in the United States is the problem-based curriculum (http://www.westernu.edu/ veterinary-about)
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From page 176... ...
NEW CONCEPTS IN VETERINARY EDUCATION The current decline in state budgets to operate veterinary colleges, and the increasing demand for veterinary service including specialty training and exposure to different animal species, prompted the Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges (AAVMC) to explore other means of facilitating
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From page 177... ...
. The centers would not replace instruction in individual food-animal medicine currently taught at veterinary colleges, but would increase the in-depth experiences of students with large-population health practices in production settings.
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From page 178... ...
The success of these centers will be dependent upon the willingness of veterinary colleges to share faculty and administration of these centers, and to pursue creative funding arrangements involving stakeholders. Distance Learning The technology for distance learning continues to improve and is serving as a valuable means of delivering education to many students.
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From page 179... ...
NAVMEC has initiated such a process by holding 3 national meetings with over 400 stakeholders to gain their input on what academic veterinary medicine has been addressing and by considering the societal opportunities that the future holds for the profession. Chapter 10 discusses the economic considerations related to a basic veterinary education, from the perspective of the educational system and of veterinary students.
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From page 180... ...
It is within the departments of veterinary science and comparative medicine that pre-veterinary education is provided to prospective veterinary students and where some of the post-graduate training occurs. Twenty seven of the 28 colleges of veterinary medicine; 7 of the 9 veterinary science departments; and 5 of the 7 comparative medicine departments responded to the questionnaire.
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From page 181... ...
. The respondents also anticipated that the numbers of non-tenured faculty, who provide more post-DVM instruc 2 The size of the tenured and non-tenured clinical and research faculty in individual veterinary colleges responding to the survey ranged from 41 to 173; in departments of veterinary science, from 10 to 34; and in departments of comparative medicine, from 8 to 13.
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From page 182... ...
. The predictions of the veterinary schools suggest that demands for a veterinary education are changing.
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From page 183... ...
Academic Veterinary Medicine 183 g 18 16 16 14 14 13 12 12 12 Number of Openings 10 8 8 2007 8 2010 6 6 6 2016 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 Large Animals: Large Animals: Food Animals: Beef Food Animals: Food Animals: Food Animals: Food Animals: Equine Medicine Equine Surgery Dairy Poultry Small Ruminants Swine Clinical Sciences: Large/Food Animal Disciplines FIGURE 9-2 Survey respondents need for faculty in the clinical sciences: Number of vacancies and anticipated openings due to retirements in large and food-animal clinical positions, by discipline. 18 17 16 14 14 12 12 11 11 Number of Openings 10 10 10 9 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 2007 6 5 5 5 5 2010 44 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 2016 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 33 2 2 2 2 22 2 1 11 11 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Clinical Sciences: Small Animal Disciplines FIGURE 9-3 Survey respondents need for faculty: Number of vacancies and anticipated openings due to retirements in small-animal clinical positions, by discipline.
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From page 184... ...
A key question is whether there will be individuals with the types of expertise and advanced training required who would be willing to accept positions as faculty members in equine and food-animal veterinary medicine. The discipline areas of increasing importance include nutrition and metabolic disease, production medicine with strong business management skills, preharvest food safety, biosecurity, and animal welfare.
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From page 185... ...
The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) oversees the veterinary specialty organizations, and most specialty training takes place at veterinary and medical colleges, but unlike the professional DVM degree programs, there is no overarching federal accreditation agency, such as the U.S.
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From page 186... ...
868 Avian 138 Beef Cattle 12 Canine & Feline 473 Dairy 36 Equine 89 Feline 78 Food-Animal 21 Swine Health Management 19 American Board of Veterinary Toxicology (ABVT) 89 American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (ACLAM)
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From page 187... ...
These subjects must be addressed if veterinary medicine is to remain relevant to producers in the livestock and poultry industries. Specialty Training is Not Publicly Supported A major conflict facing the veterinary colleges is that, in spite of the demand, most do not have the funding required to meet the needs for advanced specialty training.
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From page 188... ...
Veterinary colleges are able to train residents to make presentations of the results of their studies in clinical rounds and at national conferences. Some medical schools provide focused areas of expertise in comparative medicine that accommodate comparative medical pathology and laboratory animal training.
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From page 189... ...
Until there is a clear indication of state, federal, industrial or philanthropic support, the role of academic veterinary medicine in future training of specialists is at risk. Veterinary colleges need to be in a dialogue with AVMA and AAVMC to determine the number of specialists needed to supply all employment sectors so planning and acquisition of infrastructure support can be obtained for the training of current and future specialists.
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From page 190... ...
Based on the information from the committee's survey of veterinary schools, departments of veterinary science, and departments of comparative medicine, Figure 9-5 shows the total number of students enrolled in educational training programs in those institutions in 2007, as well as the numbers of students expected to be enrolled in 2010 and 2016. Although the numbers of students seeking advanced academic degrees (MS, PhD)
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From page 191... ...
Resident FIGURE 9-5 Total numbers of DVM/VMD and post-graduate students in 2007 and projected for 2010 and 2016, as reported by institutions responding to committee survey. g 450 408 400 351 350 316 300 Number of Graduates 250 2007 2010 200 2016 150 101 100 91 81 50 0 DVM/PhD Clin.
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From page 192... ...
In the near future, the profession will have major setbacks if adequately-trained professionals are no longer available in veterinary colleges. Within academic veterinary medicine, the demand for veterinarians with advanced training for instructional and research purposes is far outstripping the available candidates.
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From page 193... ...
RESEARCH IN ACADEMIC VETERINARY MEDICINE Research in academic veterinary medicine is essential to advance the profession, and to forge progress in animal health, biomedical sciences, and ecosystem health. Research is an important mission of the veterinary colleges that goes hand in hand with developing the next generation of scientists, some of whom will become veterinary faculty.
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From page 194... ...
Not surprisingly, however, some colleges of veterinary medicine are able to attract more research dollars than others. As Table 9-4 shows, more than half of NIH funding to veterinary colleges went to 5 institutions.
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From page 195... ...
Academic Veterinary Medicine 195 TABLE 9-4 National Institute of Health Funding to Veterinary Colleges, 2011 Funding for Veterinary Rank College Medicine 1 University of California, Davis $24,630,734 2 Colorado State University, Fort Collins $18,641,724 3 University of Pennsylvania $18,423,516 4 Cornell University, Ithaca $16,799,182 5 University of Wisconsin, Madison $9,411,401 6 University of Missouri-Columbia $8,304,053 7 Michigan State University $8,132,386 8 Louisiana State University A&M College, Baton Rouge $7,862,278 9 Iowa State University $6,869,067 10 Washington State University $6,446,399 11 Tufts University Boston $5,398,692 12 Ohio State University $4,526,233 13 Kansas State University $4,364,856 14 North Carolina State University, Raleigh $4,359,214 15 University of Georgia $3,875,194 16 Texas A&M University System $3,334,201 17 University of Minnesota Twin Cities $3,160,379 18 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign $2,715,721 19 Purdue University West Lafayette $2,709,182 20 Oklahoma State University Stillwater $2,468,411 21 University of Tennessee Knoxville $2,415,177 22 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University $1,335,146 23 University of Florida $1,247,198 24 Tuskegee University $884,127 25 Texas Agrilife Research $815,048 26 Oregon State University $794,828 27 Auburn University At Auburn $375,520 28 Mississippi State University $337,379 Grand Total $170,637,246 Mean $6,094,187 Median $4,117,204 SOURCE: BRIMR, 2012.
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From page 196... ...
Veterinary medicine has a responsibility to address animal disease for the sake of animals. As Table 9-3 shows, support from USDA, which has historically played critical roles in food safety research and research to prevent and control infectious diseases in livestock and poultry, was relatively flat in the five-year time period between 2002-3 and 2008-9.
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From page 197... ...
That includes a need for expertise in ecosystem health, global health, food safety, animal welfare, disease recognition, response, recovery and prevention, and biosecurity. However, this is only likely to happen with national investments in academic veterinary medicine to train the future workforce in these fields, and a commitment on the part of veterinary colleges to give these issues greater priority.
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