Disaster Resilience A National Imperative (2012) / Chapter Skim
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4 Measuring Progress Toward Resilience
4 Measuring Progress Toward Resilience
Pages 91-116
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From page 91... ...
One national-scale metric of resilience could be the dollar amount (per capita) of federal assistance spent annually for disasters, with the measure for resilience being whether this dollar amount flattens or declines (potentially indicating increasing resilience)
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From page 92... ...
For example, a metric might set the qualitative levels "unsatisfactory," "marginal," and "satisfactory" resilience, without specifying quantitative measures or ranges for each level, as long as the procedure for arriving at a rating was open, transparent, and replicable. A scale similar to those used in academic report cards with designations of A, B, C, D, or F could also be used to indicate progress.
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Green Building Council (USGBC) in March 2000, LEED is a framework for building owners and operators that allows identification and implementation of green building design, construction, operations, and maintenance.
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With this principle as its foundation, and no possibility of arbitrary or selective gerrymandering, the process of measurement of community resilience becomes much more straightforward. Essentially, and recalling a long-recognized duality in geography and related disciplines (e.g., Tuan, 2007)
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Step 4 yields a total for ongoing mitigation measures, Step 5 addresses business plans for the recovery of retail stores, and Step 6 asks about social networks and civic organizations. The totals in each step are next transformed to Low, Medium, and High categories based on specified ranges -- for example, to gain a High rating on critical infrastructure the community must have agreed that 100 percent of its elements would be functioning after a disaster.
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Department of Homeland Security's Protective Security Coordination Division. Data are gathered at critical infrastructure facilities by trained interviewers known as Protective Security Advisors (PSAs)
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From page 97... ...
Census Bureau. Social vulnerability helps us to understand the inequalities in disaster impacts and is a multiattribute concept that includes socioeconomic status, race and ethnicity, gender, age, housing tenure, and so forth and how these factors influence a community's resilience (Mileti, 1999; Heinz Center, 2002; NRC, 2006)
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From page 98... ...
In addition to describing the relative level of social vulnerability, the metric also enables the examination of those underlying dimensions that are contributing to the overall score such as age disparities, socioeconomic status, employment, and special-needs populations. FIGURE 4.2 Social Vulnerability Index, 2006-2010.
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From page 99... ...
Baseline Resilience Indicator for Communities A new composite indicator called the Baseline Resilience Indicator for Communities (BRIC) was introduced to measure community resiliency (Cutter et al., 2010)
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. These target states of recovery and their time frames include those for hospitals, police and fire, the emergency operations center, transportation systems and utilities, airports, and neighborhood retail businesses, offices, and workplaces.
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TABLE 4.1 SPUR Model of Measuring Recovery from Earthquakes Note: The table provides a useful template for identifying critical areas for recovery, which could provide the basis for establishing resilience goals. Source: C
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National Resilience Community A product of the National Consortium for the Study of Assessment of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) , CART Resilience Tool is "a community intervention that includes a survey (CART)
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Their measure of community resilience, which is limited to the economic and social capacities of communities, indicated generally favorable correlation with archival and survey data. Resilience Capacity The Resilience Capacity Index was developed by Index (RCI)
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resilience models and metrics, this section reviews examples of resilience measurement at the global scale; one approach is described in detail, followed by a table summarizing other efforts. International Strategy for Disaster Reduction Following the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR)
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. The action plan recognizes that the local community level is where the impact of disasters is most felt and where risk reduction is more needed -- and that not addressing resilience may threaten nations' and communities' development gains.
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reduction commitment Is local/city government supportive to a (DRR) community vision for DRR?
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A legal Is responsibility for DRR planning and Development plan; Assess and instruments framework for implementation devolved to city land use plan; physical develop the and tools to disaster risk government and communities? plan institutional support reduction exists Are city government and communities Budget allocation for basis for national with explicit equipped with human, financial, and DRR disaster risk institutional responsibilities organizational capacities/resources?
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Dedicated and Are there institutional capacities for DRR at Disaster risk Prioritize DRR and adequate adequate the local/city level? management office; and allocate resources are resources are Is budget allocated to local/city covernment disaster coordinating appropriate available to available to and other local institutions adequate to council resources implement implement DRR enable DRR to be integrated into planning DRR plans at all and actual activities?
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From page 109... ...
Disaster vulnerability to a specific hazard that also accounts for the Risk Index (DRI) role of sociotechnical-humanistic and environmental issues that could be correlated with death and may point toward causal processes of disaster risks.
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Human Security, the vulnerability of the population (levels of poverty, World Risk Index education, food security, infrastructure, economic framework) to natural hazards, (ii)
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From page 111... ...
Third, the committee recognizes that many dimensions must contribute to an index, from the physical resilience of the built and natural environment and critical infrastructure to aspects of human/social resilience such as the existence of strong social networks, a strong economic base, or good governance. The examples that yield a single index -- SoVI®, BRIC, and the Argonne National Laboratory Resilience Index -- all focus on a single dimension, social vulnerability in the first case, community resilience in the second, and critical infrastructure in the third.
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We recommend therefore that a National Resilience Scorecard be established. Until a community experiences a disaster and has to respond to and recover from it, demonstrating the complexity, volume of issues, conflicts, and lack of ownership are difficult.
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In summary, the committee concludes its work in the area of metrics and indicators with this recommendation: Recommendation. The Department of Homeland Security in conjunction with other federal agencies, state and local partners, and professional groups should develop a National Resilience Scorecard.
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2010. Constructing a Resilience Index for the Enhanced Critical Infrastructure Program.
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2009. Assessing global exposure and vulnerability towards natural hazards: The Disaster Risk Index.
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