Disaster Resilience A National Imperative (2012) / Chapter Skim
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Decisions about how and when to invest in increasing resilience involve short- and long-term planning and investments of time and resources prior to an event. Although the resilience of individuals and communities may be readily recognized after a disaster, resilience is currently rarely acknowledged before a disaster takes place, making the "payoff" for resilience investments challenging for individuals, communities, the private sector, and all levels of government to demonstrate.
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The alternative, the status quo, in which the nation's approaches to increasing disaster resilience remain unchanged, is a future in which disasters will continue to be very costly in terms of injury; loss of lives, homes, and jobs; business interruption; and other damages. Building resilience toward the 2030 future vision requires a paradigm shift and a new national "culture of disaster resilience" that includes components of (1)
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Although some residual risk will always be present, risk management strategies can help build capacity for communities to become more resilient to disasters. A variety of tools exist to manage disaster risk including tangible structural (construction-related)
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Furthermore, the nation lacks a national repository for all-hazard event and loss data, compromising the ability of communities to make informed decisions about where and how to prioritize their resilience investments. MEASURING PROGRESS TOWARD RESILIENCE Without some numerical means of assessing resilience it would be impossible to identify the priority needs for improvement, to monitor changes, to show that resilience had improved, or to compare the benefits of increasing resilience with the associated costs.
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Bottom-up interventions -- the engagement of communities in increasing their resilience -- are essential because local conditions vary greatly across the country; the nation's communities are unique in their history, geography, demography, culture, and infrastructure; and the risks faced by every community vary according to local hazards. Some universal steps can aid local communities in making progress to increase their resilience and include: Engaging the whole community in disaster policymaking and planning; Linking public and private infrastructure performance and interests to resilience goals; Improving public and private infrastructure and essential services (such as health and education)
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Although the Stafford Act does provide guidance for certain responsibilities and actions in responding to a disaster incident, national resilience transcends the immediate impact and disaster response and therefore grows from a broader set of policies. Many of the critical policies and actions required for improved national resilience are also enacted and implemented at the state and local levels.
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Key interactions within the nation's resilience "system" of communities and governance can be used to help identify specific kinds of policies that can increase resilience and the roles and responsibilities of the actors in government, the private sector, and communities for implementing these policies. For example, to understand hazards or threats and their processes, research and science and technology policies allow federal and state agencies to coordinate efforts on detection and monitoring activities that can be used by regional and local governing bodies, the private sector, and communities to evaluate and address their hazards and risks.
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BUILDING A MORE RESILIENT NATION: THE PATH FORWARD No single sector or entity has ultimate responsibility for improving national resilience. No specific federal agency has all of the authority or responsibility, all of the appropriate skill sets, or adequate fiscal resources to address this growing challenge.
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Increasing disaster resilience is an imperative that requires the collective will of the nation and its communities. Although disasters will continue to occur, actions that move the nation from reactive approaches to disasters to a proactive stance where communities actively engage in enhancing resilience will reduce many of the broad societal and economic burdens that disasters can cause.
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