The New Global Ecosystem in Advanced Computing Implications for U.S. Competitiveness and National Security (2012) / Chapter Skim
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3 Innovation Policy Landscape Comparative Analysis
3 Innovation Policy Landscape Comparative Analysis
Pages 31-48
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From page 31... ...
innovation and standards policies, see D Ernst, 2011, Indigenous Innovation policies differ across countries, Innovation and Globalization: The Challenge for China's Standindustries, and technologies.
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Computer and information technology (IT) innovation policies in other Semiconductor Industry nations.6 An analysis of these diverse approaches to innovation policy is shaped by issues such as: the range 3.1.1 Historical Context of policy options that have been pursued, how policy approaches differ, how these differences affect Several factors influence the range and type of innovation capacities, and how innovation policies policy options available to nations to promote and pursued elsewhere affect the global supply chain.
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, the Japan Electronics and Information Technology Indus 7 While well established and interdependent, these value chains tries Association (JEITA) , the Korea Semiconductor Industry Ascan be highly vulnerable to sudden disruptions from natural dis- sociation (KSIA)
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Federal R&D programs and public-private consortia play a crucial role in coping with this tension. 12 In the late 1980s, when it appeared that focused See www.sematech.org/corporate history; www.sematech.org/ corporate/timeline; NRC, 2003, Securing the Future: Support to the government programs in Japan, as well as unfair or Semiconductor Industry, Washington, D.C.: The National Acad- unreasonable trade practices, might overtake U.S.
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Free-Market Approach by exposing machine details to them. From high productivity languages and the relentless hardware These three phenomena -- the enormous growth of performance improvements enabled by Moore's Law, a the semiconductor industry, the commoditization of the new and much larger pool of programmers emerged.
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Moore's some of which have been tried elsewhere.18 Law advances relegated most work in parallel computing to business servers and scientific and technical 3.2 China Strengthening Indigenous Innovation computing.17 A revival of parallel computing research and development in the 1990s yielded several new Over the last several decades, China has made approaches and companies, but the early promise was significant efforts to align its science, technology, and not realized, for many reasons. Because the size of the innovation policies to support indigenous innovation.
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for strengthening China's indigenous innovation Launched in October 2010,24 the SEI Program was capability by addressing four problems in China's highlighted as an important component of the 12th Fivescientific and technological development: (1) lack of Year Plan for National Economic and Social innovation in commercial technologies and dependence Development (20112015)
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27 The Loongson and Godson processors were developed under 30 the leadership of U.S.-trained computer scientist Li Guojie at the U.S. International Trade Commission, 2010, China: IntellecChinese Academy of Sciences' Institute of Computing Technol- tual Property Infringement, Indigenous Innovation Policies, and ogy, CAS.
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Due to its and Reform Commission and Ministry of Industry and pragmatism and openness to new forms of public policy Information Technology (MIIT) , two superministries and private-public partnerships, Taiwan's innovation with strong economic missions in China's bureaucracy.33 policy may in fact shed new light on the opportunities In contrast to MOST, these agencies are expected to and challenges for strengthening America's innovation increase industry participation in the program (as capabilities in advanced computing.
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services has severely constrained the capacity of Beginning in the 1980s, Taiwan's leading PC firms Taiwanese firms to invest in "upgrading through lowestablished R&D laboratories in Silicon Valley to gain cost innovation" strategies.41 This problem is early access to the product and technology road maps of exacerbated by relentless pressure from global brand the global industry leaders and to improve their product- marketers to reduce cost and time-to-market for development capabilities. By the mid-1980s, Taiwan's commodity-type products with low profit margins that semiconductor firms became involved in board-level and are apt to penetrate mass markets.
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As specialized suppliers intellectual property.43 to global semiconductor and system companies, Taiwanese chip design firms have limited resources and 3.3.3 Constraints to Developing Indigenous Intellectual incentives to close the technology gap relative to Property industry leaders -- and as a result, they are typically not active at the leading edge of process technology and IC While Taiwan's patent filings at the U.S. Patent and complexity.48 In addition, Taiwanese design houses have Trademark Office (USPTO)
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W Wessner, ed., Innovation Policies for the 21st low-cost and fast innovation model, the Chinese model differs in Century.
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Empirical As Taiwan's IT industry becomes increasingly research has shown that, as a developing country integrated with China's economy and its innovation progresses in its industrial transformation, its reliance on system, it is unclear how and to what degree Taiwan will international technology sourcing and knowledge strike a balance between cooperation with China and linkages substantially increases.60 The Korean cooperation with the United States. If the sheer weight of innovation system in the electronics industry is China forces Taiwanese firms to give priority to their emblematic for a heavy reliance on international links with China, how will this affect America's access linkages, combined with the development of to the semiconductor global value chain?
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from the telecommunications, software, computer For Korea, international linkages provided an science, semiconductors, and electronics industry. These important initial catalyst for the development of a sectors make up ~23 percent of the European Union's67 sufficiently broad portfolio of domestic capabilities that and of Japan's industrial R&D investments, compared are needed to reap potential benefits of latecomer with ~35 percent for Hong Kong, ~39 percent for China, advantages.
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program Union share. More importantly, however, Germany was deemed to have the highest propensity to innovate.72,73 An interesting attempt to operationalize Europe's Hence, it is important to emphasize that national integrated innovation strategy is the European Union's innovation policies differ quite substantially across Key Enabling Technologies (KET)
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In fact, the European Union's KET Program been that the discoverers are not always those who culminates in a fairly "techno-nationalist" notion of IPR convert the ideas into economically successful products. protection and states that "the EU should clearly promote Oftentimes, the likelihood that an idea can be an `in Europe first' IP policy" and that proposals require successfully commercialized and implemented depends clear IP plans for "first exploitation of IP" and rules that on a nation's or region's innovation policies and "favour the EU exploitation of the results of projects."81 entrepreneurial climate.
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For for IT hegemony is under way. No company, country, or example, efforts to improve programmability and region will reap all of the economic benefits, as the efficiency of base processors might yield significant global value chain is too intertwined for that.
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