Human Performance Modification Review of Worldwide Research with a View to the Future (2012) / Chapter Skim
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2 Human Cognitive Modification as a Computational Problem
2 Human Cognitive Modification as a Computational Problem
Pages 10-22
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From page 10... ...
In recent years, the notion of big data has emerged to describe this trend. More and more datasets are collected, and their size and complexity are not only well beyond human cognitive capabilities, but also often beyond today's computer informationprocessing capabilities.
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From page 11... ...
Managing big data poses substantial challenges, and the following discussion assumes that organizations, countries, or other entities that make the most progress toward solving the fundamental scalability challenges associated with big data and cognitive information processing will have the best basis for developing game-changing HPM applications. Scientists and engineers working in the IT sector are making -- and will continue to make -- substantial improvements in many areas, including leveraging high-speed networking, parallel and cluster computer programming, cloud computing, machine learning, advanced data-storage technologies, continued scaling of Moore's law (which states that the number of transistors on an integrated circuit board will double about every 2 years)
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From page 12... ...
The von Neumann architecture results in an instruction-at-a-time processing approach, substantially unlike that of the human brain, which uses a massively parallel system of slower processing units (neurons) that are connected by weights.2 The weights are called synapses; each neuron has about 103 synapses.
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From page 13... ...
Nevertheless, major technology innovations would be required in the next 10-15 years to produce a Watson-like supercomputer that would be hand-held and have a footprint and power consumption comparable with those of a human brain. Such a device would have a game-changing impact, not only in the commercial arena for big data processing, but also for military and HPM applications.
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From page 14... ...
TABLE 2-1 Computing Technology Scenarios Efficiency Gains and Technology Cognitive Scenario Key Technologies Programming capabilities Architecture 1 -- Business as 3-D packaging, storage- Computing with Moderate Von Neumann Usual class memory, silicon programming photonics, nanowires, carbon electronics 2 -- Computing Low-voltage devices, Some Medium Von Neumann with low-voltage spintronics programming and non–von devices Neumann 3 -- Neuromorphic New neuromorphic Computing with High Non–von computing circuits, phase-change no programming Neumann memory, memristors Innovations in Computers for Cognitive Information Processing Some types of computer hardware (optical, analog, and quantum computers) are better suited than others to realizing a non–von Neumann computer architecture.
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From page 15... ...
. Although the dataflow-computer example shows potential for useful HPM applications, real game-changers for scalable NN hardware implementations face fundamental challenges.
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From page 16... ...
It can be assumed that most innovations in this field will become pervasive and generally available, especially in light of the commoditization and globalization trends of the IT industry. A number of foreign groups are using FPGAs and reconfigurable computing for neural networks: Advanced Computing Research Centre (University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia)
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From page 17... ...
Cognitive Artifacts Cognitive artifacts are things or technological systems that complement and enhance human cognitive abilities. Just as a car makes a human faster and a drill or crane enhances a human's physical capabilities, cognitive artifacts enhance human mental processing capabilities.
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From page 18... ...
Cognitive artifacts can take on numerous forms, but it is convenient to categorize them along a mobility continuum from stationary external devices to mobile external devices to devices implanted in the body. It is also useful to understand the degree of virtuality of a device, from complete virtual reality to various degrees of augmented reality (see Figure 2-1)
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From page 19... ...
Mobile augmented reality (MAR) extends the AR paradigm, which is to display digital information in the user's view via HMD or other display so that objects in the physical world and digital world appear to coexist spatially (Milgram and Kishino, 1994)
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From page 20... ...
Enhanced Cognitive Performance Through Better Human-Centered Design One important form of enhancement should not be overlooked: the design of humancentered systems. Today, many systems are not designed to enhance human performance.
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Cognitive Degradation Every technology that is meant to enhance human performance can, under the wrong circumstances, reduce human performance. This degradation of performance may not be deliberate (e.g., cell phone texting while driving)
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From page 22... ...
Nonetheless, the committee found little evidence of the use of technologies of cognitive enhancement for performance degradation. Foreign Research in Cognitive Modification The committee was unable to discover topics related to cognitive enhancement that were being pursued exclusively outside the United States.
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