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From page 379... ... health disadvantage, 70-71 drug and alcohol abuse, 58, 151 violent behavior, 2, 75, 77, 78, 156 environmental considerations, 198, 233 379 Read the entire page →
From page 380... ... ) 65, 66, 67, 69 n.8, 73, 87, 89, 134, Age 50 140, 186, 205, 213-214, 217, 232 cardiovascular risk, 3, 88 233, 273, 276, 290 n.6 health outcomes, 80-82 maternal characteristics and, 69, 73, 89, life expectancy at, 12, 36-37, 41, 82, 84, 140 87 medical care and, 110 survival to, 41-46, 47 peer country comparisons, 65-66, 67-69, Air pollution, 133, 194, 199-200, 204 134, 190, 213-214, 215, 216, 217, Alcohol (see Drug and alcohol use) Read the entire page →
From page 381... ... case-fatality rates, 122-123 achieving treatment targets, 119, 122 environmental factors, 203-204 case fatality rates, 122-124 ischemic heart disease, 3, 26, 31, 34, 38, environmental factors, 133 88, 125 prevalence, 9, 84-85 life-course perspective, 16-17, 58, 99, quality of care, 119, 122-126 101 years lost to disability, 80 medical care and, 109, 110, 122, 125, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 28, 133-134, 350 276 mental illness and, 85 Cigarette smoking (see Tobacco use) mortality trends, 3, 14, 26, 28, 31, 34, Colon cancer, 119 38, 47, 50, 58, 82 Colorectal cancer, 34, 144 national health objectives, 276 Commonwealth Fund obesity and, 58, 71, 146, 159 Commission on a High Performance peer country comparison, 3, 26, 59, 82, System, 106, 119, 126, 137 83, 84, 87, 88, 89, 134, 272 national scorecard, 137 physical inactivity and, 84-85, 147 surveys, 112, 116, 117, 126, 127, 128 prevalence, 36, 82, 84-85, 89 129, 131, 135, 136, 251 sex differences, 83 Congenital anomalies, 29, 31, 32, 38 years lost to disability, 59 Coronary artery disease, 99, 109, 140 years of life lost before age 50, 52, 53, Croatia, 180 54, 55 Current Population Survey, 242 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Czech Republic, 115 n.10, 151, 172, 176, (CDC) Read the entire page →
From page 382... ... health disadvantage, 146 147, 233, 251, 374 Digestive diseases, 28, 38, 50, 52, 53 Determinants of health, 96-97 Disability, 3, 80, 85, 87, 88, 101, 134, 236, Diabetes 248, 257, 274, 275, 288 by age group, 61, 62, 64, 72, 78, 80, 81, Drownings, 28, 38, 51, 69, 149, 154, 158, 82, 84-85, 233 252 biological embedding, 101 Drug and alcohol use childhood, 72, 233, 290 adolescents, 58, 149 comorbidities, 83, 121, 136, 159 alcohol abuse, 4 diet and, 144, 148, 159 drug abuse, 4 early life behaviors and risk factors, 89, environmental factors, 5, 195, 196-197, 92, 101 204-205 environmental factors, 203-204 and health, 52, 149-150 epigenetic effects, 170 life-course perspective, 58, 101, 102 hospitalization rates, 124, 126, 135 maternal, 67 incidence, 123 mental and behavioral disorders, 51, life-course perspective, 101, 102, 103, 85 136, 159, 169, 225 mortality rate, 2, 88, 96-97, 204-205 medical care, 92, 110, 120, 122, 124, premature deaths, 51, 52, 53 130, 133, 134, 135, 277 prevalence, 4, 150-151 mental illness and, 85 National Prevention Council mortality rates, 28, 32, 38, 123, 138, 276 recommendations, 358-361 Read the entire page →
From page 383... ... health disadvantage, 3 in diabetes, 203-204 Education in drug-related deaths, 204-205 achievement on cognitive tests, 71, and health, 133, 193-199 179-182 in HIV risk, 204-205 attainment, 175 in homicides, 204-205 early childhood, 9, 176 in injuries, 204 college completion, 177-179 in obesity, 134, 195-196, 203-204, and health status, 6, 16, 67, 69, 71, 97, 233 165-166 National health objectives, 279 life-course perspective, 5, 70, 102 National Prevention Council and life expectancy, 40-41 recommendations, 347-349 maternal, 67, 69, 70, 71 other considerations, 198-199 and mortality rates, 69 peer country comparisons, 199-202 peer country comparisons, 4, 6 physical environment, 194-196, 199-200 policies, 8, 9, 19 social environment, 196-197, 200-201 secondary school completion, 176-177 spatial distribution of, 197-198, 201-202 social-ecological perspective, 97, 104 synergisms in, 204 years of schooling, 175 and U.S. health disadvantage, 203-205 Emerging economies in violence, 204-205 mortality rates, 26 n.4 Epigenetic effects, 101-102, 170, 270 Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, 266 Erasmus University, 256 Employment/unemployment, 71 Estonia, 34, 59, 115 n.10, 156 n.19, 172, buffering health effects, 189, 199, 223, 180 280, 354 Étude Longitudinale Français Depuis education and, 165, 262 L'Enfance, 264 factors affecting health, 166, 198-199 European Investment Bank, 256 Read the entire page →
From page 384... ... 207, 210, 221, 222, 225, 233, 252, cost of inaction, 9 269, 274, 279 defined, 11 n.1, 57 Framingham Heart Study, 264 domains, 134 France, 38, 55, 74, 84, 115, 118, 141-142, dynamic and synergistic interactions, 145, 146, 148, 150, 152-153, 182- 91-93, 105 183, 184, 187, 194, 200, 219, 221, environmental factors, 193-199 227, 229, 235, 264 (see also Peer global trends and, 289-291 country comparisons) health system deficiencies and, 4, 13-14, 96, 132-137 life-course perspective, 9, 58, 59-60, G 61-64, 69-70 Genitourinary diseases, 29, 31, 32, 38, 50, measuring, 58, 59 153 physical inactivity and, 148-149 Germany, 75, 145, 148, 150, 183-184, 189, poverty and, 67, 162, 164-165, 169, 200, 203, 210, 216, 219, 221, 227 186, 188, 207, 275 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and racial/ethnic minority health status and, Risk Factors Study, 50, 59 1, 12-13, 43, 68-69, 71, 161, 162, Gonorrhea, 74, 87, 152, 277 167-168, 170, 185 n.26, 193, 261 Growing Up in Australia, 264 recommendations for elimination, Growing Up in Scotland, 264 354-356 Guns (see Firearms) Read the entire page →
From page 385... ... household composition and, 167 defined, 26 n.2 inequality, 4, 162, 164, 165, 171, 172, HIV/AIDS, 2, 31, 34, 54, 55, 61, 70, 74, 175, 185, 190, 207, 208, 210, 215, 87, 101, 110, 134, 152, 153, 159, 218, 222, 290 169, 187, 205, 269, 276, 288, 353, insurance premiums, 107 370, 371, 373 life-course perspective, 101, 102 Homelessness, 183-184 and medical care, 112, 133, 137, 164, Homicides 165 by age group, 2, 9, 69, 75-76, 80, 87 and mortality, 163 alcohol and drug use and, 52, 53, 149 peer country comparisons, 3, 171-172, 150, 151, 233 175, 185, 207, 208 environmental factors, 204-205 poverty level, 171-172, 173, 189-190 firearms-related, 33, 34, 75, 157, 158 public and social policies and, 210, 213, n.22, 205, 252, 269 215, 217, 218, 234, 235 life-course perspective, 100, 102-103, race/ethnicity and, 167 169, 187, 200 research needs, 268, 269 medical care and, 106, 110, 119 residential segregation by, 195-196, 201 mental illness and, 85-86 202, 204-205, 222 national health objectives, 275, 276, 287 and social mobility, 169-170 premature death, 50, 52, 54, 55, 87, and social status, 166 133, 134 surveys, 252, 259 rates, 2, 33-34 transfers, 188-189, 190, 195-196, 234, research recommendations, 288 235 sex and, 50-51 and unhealthy behaviors, 160, 163-164 Hong Kong, 180, 214, 220 Individual health behaviors (see also Hospitals/hospitalizations Behavioral factors; Dietary behaviors; ambulatory care-sensitive conditions, Drug and alcohol use; Physical 124, 125, 126, 133, 135 inactivity; Tobacco use; specific beds, 116 behaviors) discharge planning, 132 Infancy (see also Birth outcomes, adverse) Read the entire page →
From page 386... ... mortality rates, 26, 27, 30-31, 32, 34, 38 and years of life lost before age 50, K 46-47, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55 Kazakhstan, 180 Injuries (see also specific causes) Korea, 26 n.2, 172, 175, 176-177, 178 age and, 32, 69, 75-79, 80 n.19, 180, 181, 194, 214, 216, 220, environmental factors, 204 234, 244 firearms-related, 4, 5, 33, 34, 75, 78 n.18, 133, 134, 154, 156-157, 158, 159, 205, 207, 210, 221, 222, 225, L 233, 252, 269, 274, 279 and health care, 110 Latvia, 180 intentional, 29-30, 33-34, 38, 50-51, Lead exposures, 107 n.1, 194 52, 53, 55-56, 58, 69, 75, 77, 78, Liechtenstein, 180 87 Life-course perspective mortality rates, 29-30, 32-34, 38, 56, adolescent health, 5, 70, 99, 102 58, 69, 75, 80, 87 adverse experiences and stimuli, 5, 101, National Prevention Council 102 recommendations, 366-368 biological embedding, 101 obesity and, 147 biological exposures, 101 premature deaths, 50-51, 52, 53, 55-56, birth outcomes, 89, 186, 232-233 87 cardiovascular disease, 16-17, 58, 99, unintentional, 29, 32, 51, 52, 53, 55-56, 101, 103 58, 69, 75, 76, 78-79, 80, 87 causal pathways, 5, 9, 101-103 years of life lost before age 50, 87 child development trajectory, 9, 69-70, Injurious behaviors (see also specific 100, 101, 102 behaviors) Read the entire page →
From page 387... ... obesity and, 41, 146, 290 n.6 life-course perspective, 89, 102 peer country comparisons, 2, 12, 35-41, medication use, 75 42, 43, 56, 87 National Prevention Council political model and, 213-214 recommendations, 372-374 premature death and, 3, 52, 54-56 and physical health risk, 85, 86 public health policies and, 109 prevalence, 86, 88 race/ethnicity and, 40-41 screening for, 134, 374 self-reported health and, 37 and self-reported health, 37 by sex, 2, 3, 35, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, U.S. disadvantage, 85-86 55-56, 88 Mexico, 26 n.2-4, 32, 36, 59 n.2, 65 n.7, trends, 1, 35 112, 115 n.10, 172, 176, 216, 234 socioeconomic status and, 41 Middle adulthood (ages 35-49) Read the entire page →
From page 388... ... Healthy People 2020, 98, 275, 276-279 Noncommunicable diseases (see also public health and medical care systems, Chronic illness; individual diseases) 277-278 mortality rates, 26, 27, 28-29, 38 life expectancy and health, 276-277 and years of life lost before age 50, 52, recommendation, 275 53, 54, 55, 56 social factors, 279 Norway, 72, 95 n.1, 112, 123, 129, 148, Surgeon General's National Prevention 155, 175 n.14, 183, 187 (see also Council recommendations, 275, Peer country comparisons) Read the entire page →
From page 389... ... , 39, 118 premature deaths, 50, 51, 54, 55 Ontogeny, 100 ranking methods, 136 Oral and dental health/conditions, 29, 38, sexual practices, high-risk, 152-153 72-73, 352 sexually transmitted diseases, 2, 87 Oral contraceptives, 134, 152, 153, 160, social factors, 170-185 278 social programs, 234-236 Organ transplants, 124-126 suicide, 89 survival to age 50, 42-46, 47, 56 tobacco use, 141-143 P transportation-related accidents, 33, 155-156 Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 246, 264 violence, 156-158 Particulate matter, 194, 200 within-U.S. disparities, 35, 40-41, 59, 99 Peer country comparisons (see also "years behind" concept, 44-45 individual countries) Read the entire page →
From page 390... ... health disadvantage, 148-149 and health, 37, 67, 162, 164-165, 169, Poisoning, 29, 38, 51, 107 n.1, 149, 151, 186, 188, 207, 275 154, 158, 252 and health insurance coverage, 6 Poland, 115 n.7, 147-148, 172, 176, 178 Healthy People 2020 objectives, 279 n.19, 180, 188 life-course perspective, 99, 101, 162, Policies affecting health 164-165, 170, 262, 285, 290 Anglo-Saxon/liberal model, 211-213, older adults, 186 214, 216 peer country comparisons, 4, 171-172, birth control, 210, 221, 224 173-174, 185, 190, 207-208, 222, for children and families, 9, 217-218, 274 225-233, 234 public policies and social values, 6, 171, corporatist model, 216 188, 189, 207-208, 215, 222, 233, drug and alcohol control, 210 236 education-related, 8, 9, 19, 210, racial and ethnic minorities, 6, 12 234-235 rates, 4, 171, 185, 285, 290 exploring innovative options, 286-289 research needs, 262, 265, 269, 270 firearms availability, 210, 221, 225 safety net programs, 4, 93, 163, 185 food industry/dietary, 210, 225 n.26, 188-190, 210, 220, 231, 236 health care, 209, 222, 234 social factors interacting with, 167, 169, implications for U.S. health 170, 188, 200-201, 269, 285 disadvantage, 6, 236-238 trends, 171, 172, 190 income-related, 210, 213, 215, 217, Pregnancy 218, 234, 235 adolescent, 2, 61, 66, 67, 70, 71, 73-74, physical environment, 210 87, 89, 102, 134, 152, 153, 159, political models and, 211-219 187, 236, 269, 270, 273, 275, 277, product safety, 210 288, 371 recommendations relating to, 7-8, 9, unintended, 102, 151, 152, 263, 278, 275, 283, 286 352, 354, 373 role of, 209-210 Premature birth, 30, 66, 276 social democratic model, 213, 215, 216, Premature death 218-219, 221, 220-221 causes, 48-54, 55, 109-110 social-ecological framework, 97-98, 104 and life expectancy at birth, 3, 54-56 social services, 4, 93, 163, 185 n.26, 188- sex differences, 3, 50-51, 52, 53 190, 210, 220, 231, 234, 235, 236 Preventive services, National Prevention societal values and, 208-209, 219-225 Council recommendations, 349-352 spending on social programs, 215-217, Primary care, 4, 106, 110, 115-116, 128, 233-236 129, 132-133, 136, 207, 251, 274, tobacco control, 140, 209-210, 225 277, 352, 361, 374 transportation safety, 210, 226-231, 284 Probability of living to age 50, 46, 47 Read the entire page →
From page 391... ... 133 National Prevention Council amenable mortality rates and, 125-126 recommendations, 369-372 case-fatality rates, 122-124, 135 Research agenda (see also Data collection case study, 120-121 and sources) chronic illness care, 119, 122-126, 132 analytic methods development, 5, 6, 7, Commonwealth Fund survey findings, 262-266 128-129 challenges/impediments, 270-272 coordination of care, 107-108, 110, 111, funding, 6-7, 270 112, 119, 127, 128, 130, 131, 133, innovative policy options, 286-289 134, 251, 280, 352 longitudinal research, 7, 263-265 delivery practices, 110, 127, 130-131 new lines of inquiry, 267-270 health promotion, 118 Residential segregation, 195-196, 197, 201 immunizations, 118 202, 204-205, 222 information technology and, 129, 130, Respiratory diseases, 28, 30, 31, 32, 38, 47, 132-133 50, 164 n.2, 194, 199 medical errors, 110, 117-118, 126-127, Rio Declaration on Social Determinants of 128, 130, 131, 149, 151, 262 Health, 257-258 miscommunications, 129, 130, 133 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation organ transplant outcomes, 124-125 Commission to Build a Healthier patient/physician satisfaction, 4, 112, America, 16, 98 127-128, 131 Russian Federation, 32, 34 n.5, 65 n.7, 74 primary care, 128, 129, 132-133, 136, n.12, 180 251 Read the entire page →
From page 392... ... life-course perspective, 102 Stillbirths, 61, 63, 65-66 prevalence of high-risk practices, 4, Stress, 5, 86, 92, 99, 101, 102, 140 n.1, 152-153 160, 164, 168-169, 190, 197, 198, social values and, 224 205, 210, 232, 250 n.2, 251 and U.S. health disadvantage, 153-154 Stroke Sexually transmitted infections, 2, 31, 71, behavioral factors, 138, 140, 144, 147, 74, 87, 134, 151, 152, 154, 159, 149 169, 187, 236, 273, 275, 277, 282, mortality rate, 3, 34, 123, 132, 135, 208 288 n.1, 250 Singapore, 180, 214, 220 prevalence, 36, 82, 84-85, 88 Skin cancer, 31, 352 quality of care, 132, 133-134 Skin diseases, 29, 38 Suicide, 3, 34, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 61 Slovak Republic, 115 n.10, 172, 176, 216, n.6, 64, 78, 80, 85, 89, 102, 133, 234 157, 205, 250 Slovenia, 26 n.4, 33, 115 n.10, 172, 176, Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement 180, 214 in Europe (SHARE) Read the entire page →
From page 393... ... Department of State, 270 76, 80 behavioral factors, 133, 151, 154, 226 V environmental factors, 5, 121, 133, 195, Violence-related injuries (see also 200, 204, 226, 230 Homicides) excess years of life lost, 51, 52, 53, 54, access to care, 120-121 154 children, 2, 69, 75 health system impacts, 109, 117 n.11, environmental factors, 5, 204-205 121, 133, 134, 226 mental illness and 85-86 life-course perspective, 102-103 mortality rates, 2, 33-34, 58, 69, 75, 77, medical care, 110, 118, 119, 120-121 78, 80, 87, 120-121 Read the entire page →
From page 394... ... Commission on Social Determinants of diabetes, 61 Health, 98, 103-104, 237 health status, 61-62, 78-80 Composite International Diagnostic injuries, 56, 78-79, 87 Interview, 86 n.20 mortality rates, 70, 87 definition of birth weight, 63 overweight and obesity, 78 Global Status Report on Alcohol, 150 Youth Risk Behavioral Survey (YRBS) , 153, Global Status Report on Road Safety, 260 155 Read the entire page →

From page 379...

... health disadvantage, 70-71 drug and alcohol abuse, 58, 151 violent behavior, 2, 75, 77, 78, 156 environmental considerations, 198, 233 379

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From page 380...

... ) 65, 66, 67, 69 n.8, 73, 87, 89, 134, Age 50 140, 186, 205, 213-214, 217, 232 cardiovascular risk, 3, 88 233, 273, 276, 290 n.6 health outcomes, 80-82 maternal characteristics and, 69, 73, 89, life expectancy at, 12, 36-37, 41, 82, 84, 140 87 medical care and, 110 survival to, 41-46, 47 peer country comparisons, 65-66, 67-69, Air pollution, 133, 194, 199-200, 204 134, 190, 213-214, 215, 216, 217, Alcohol (see Drug and alcohol use)

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From page 381...

... case-fatality rates, 122-123 achieving treatment targets, 119, 122 environmental factors, 203-204 case fatality rates, 122-124 ischemic heart disease, 3, 26, 31, 34, 38, environmental factors, 133 88, 125 prevalence, 9, 84-85 life-course perspective, 16-17, 58, 99, quality of care, 119, 122-126 101 years lost to disability, 80 medical care and, 109, 110, 122, 125, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 28, 133-134, 350 276 mental illness and, 85 Cigarette smoking (see Tobacco use) mortality trends, 3, 14, 26, 28, 31, 34, Colon cancer, 119 38, 47, 50, 58, 82 Colorectal cancer, 34, 144 national health objectives, 276 Commonwealth Fund obesity and, 58, 71, 146, 159 Commission on a High Performance peer country comparison, 3, 26, 59, 82, System, 106, 119, 126, 137 83, 84, 87, 88, 89, 134, 272 national scorecard, 137 physical inactivity and, 84-85, 147 surveys, 112, 116, 117, 126, 127, 128 prevalence, 36, 82, 84-85, 89 129, 131, 135, 136, 251 sex differences, 83 Congenital anomalies, 29, 31, 32, 38 years lost to disability, 59 Coronary artery disease, 99, 109, 140 years of life lost before age 50, 52, 53, Croatia, 180 54, 55 Current Population Survey, 242 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Czech Republic, 115 n.10, 151, 172, 176, (CDC)

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From page 382...

... health disadvantage, 146 147, 233, 251, 374 Digestive diseases, 28, 38, 50, 52, 53 Determinants of health, 96-97 Disability, 3, 80, 85, 87, 88, 101, 134, 236, Diabetes 248, 257, 274, 275, 288 by age group, 61, 62, 64, 72, 78, 80, 81, Drownings, 28, 38, 51, 69, 149, 154, 158, 82, 84-85, 233 252 biological embedding, 101 Drug and alcohol use childhood, 72, 233, 290 adolescents, 58, 149 comorbidities, 83, 121, 136, 159 alcohol abuse, 4 diet and, 144, 148, 159 drug abuse, 4 early life behaviors and risk factors, 89, environmental factors, 5, 195, 196-197, 92, 101 204-205 environmental factors, 203-204 and health, 52, 149-150 epigenetic effects, 170 life-course perspective, 58, 101, 102 hospitalization rates, 124, 126, 135 maternal, 67 incidence, 123 mental and behavioral disorders, 51, life-course perspective, 101, 102, 103, 85 136, 159, 169, 225 mortality rate, 2, 88, 96-97, 204-205 medical care, 92, 110, 120, 122, 124, premature deaths, 51, 52, 53 130, 133, 134, 135, 277 prevalence, 4, 150-151 mental illness and, 85 National Prevention Council mortality rates, 28, 32, 38, 123, 138, 276 recommendations, 358-361

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From page 383...

... health disadvantage, 3 in diabetes, 203-204 Education in drug-related deaths, 204-205 achievement on cognitive tests, 71, and health, 133, 193-199 179-182 in HIV risk, 204-205 attainment, 175 in homicides, 204-205 early childhood, 9, 176 in injuries, 204 college completion, 177-179 in obesity, 134, 195-196, 203-204, and health status, 6, 16, 67, 69, 71, 97, 233 165-166 National health objectives, 279 life-course perspective, 5, 70, 102 National Prevention Council and life expectancy, 40-41 recommendations, 347-349 maternal, 67, 69, 70, 71 other considerations, 198-199 and mortality rates, 69 peer country comparisons, 199-202 peer country comparisons, 4, 6 physical environment, 194-196, 199-200 policies, 8, 9, 19 social environment, 196-197, 200-201 secondary school completion, 176-177 spatial distribution of, 197-198, 201-202 social-ecological perspective, 97, 104 synergisms in, 204 years of schooling, 175 and U.S. health disadvantage, 203-205 Emerging economies in violence, 204-205 mortality rates, 26 n.4 Epigenetic effects, 101-102, 170, 270 Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, 266 Erasmus University, 256 Employment/unemployment, 71 Estonia, 34, 59, 115 n.10, 156 n.19, 172, buffering health effects, 189, 199, 223, 180 280, 354 Étude Longitudinale Français Depuis education and, 165, 262 L'Enfance, 264 factors affecting health, 166, 198-199 European Investment Bank, 256

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From page 384...

... 207, 210, 221, 222, 225, 233, 252, cost of inaction, 9 269, 274, 279 defined, 11 n.1, 57 Framingham Heart Study, 264 domains, 134 France, 38, 55, 74, 84, 115, 118, 141-142, dynamic and synergistic interactions, 145, 146, 148, 150, 152-153, 182- 91-93, 105 183, 184, 187, 194, 200, 219, 221, environmental factors, 193-199 227, 229, 235, 264 (see also Peer global trends and, 289-291 country comparisons) health system deficiencies and, 4, 13-14, 96, 132-137 life-course perspective, 9, 58, 59-60, G 61-64, 69-70 Genitourinary diseases, 29, 31, 32, 38, 50, measuring, 58, 59 153 physical inactivity and, 148-149 Germany, 75, 145, 148, 150, 183-184, 189, poverty and, 67, 162, 164-165, 169, 200, 203, 210, 216, 219, 221, 227 186, 188, 207, 275 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and racial/ethnic minority health status and, Risk Factors Study, 50, 59 1, 12-13, 43, 68-69, 71, 161, 162, Gonorrhea, 74, 87, 152, 277 167-168, 170, 185 n.26, 193, 261 Growing Up in Australia, 264 recommendations for elimination, Growing Up in Scotland, 264 354-356 Guns (see Firearms)

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From page 385...

... household composition and, 167 defined, 26 n.2 inequality, 4, 162, 164, 165, 171, 172, HIV/AIDS, 2, 31, 34, 54, 55, 61, 70, 74, 175, 185, 190, 207, 208, 210, 215, 87, 101, 110, 134, 152, 153, 159, 218, 222, 290 169, 187, 205, 269, 276, 288, 353, insurance premiums, 107 370, 371, 373 life-course perspective, 101, 102 Homelessness, 183-184 and medical care, 112, 133, 137, 164, Homicides 165 by age group, 2, 9, 69, 75-76, 80, 87 and mortality, 163 alcohol and drug use and, 52, 53, 149 peer country comparisons, 3, 171-172, 150, 151, 233 175, 185, 207, 208 environmental factors, 204-205 poverty level, 171-172, 173, 189-190 firearms-related, 33, 34, 75, 157, 158 public and social policies and, 210, 213, n.22, 205, 252, 269 215, 217, 218, 234, 235 life-course perspective, 100, 102-103, race/ethnicity and, 167 169, 187, 200 research needs, 268, 269 medical care and, 106, 110, 119 residential segregation by, 195-196, 201 mental illness and, 85-86 202, 204-205, 222 national health objectives, 275, 276, 287 and social mobility, 169-170 premature death, 50, 52, 54, 55, 87, and social status, 166 133, 134 surveys, 252, 259 rates, 2, 33-34 transfers, 188-189, 190, 195-196, 234, research recommendations, 288 235 sex and, 50-51 and unhealthy behaviors, 160, 163-164 Hong Kong, 180, 214, 220 Individual health behaviors (see also Hospitals/hospitalizations Behavioral factors; Dietary behaviors; ambulatory care-sensitive conditions, Drug and alcohol use; Physical 124, 125, 126, 133, 135 inactivity; Tobacco use; specific beds, 116 behaviors) discharge planning, 132 Infancy (see also Birth outcomes, adverse)

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From page 386...

... mortality rates, 26, 27, 30-31, 32, 34, 38 and years of life lost before age 50, K 46-47, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55 Kazakhstan, 180 Injuries (see also specific causes) Korea, 26 n.2, 172, 175, 176-177, 178 age and, 32, 69, 75-79, 80 n.19, 180, 181, 194, 214, 216, 220, environmental factors, 204 234, 244 firearms-related, 4, 5, 33, 34, 75, 78 n.18, 133, 134, 154, 156-157, 158, 159, 205, 207, 210, 221, 222, 225, L 233, 252, 269, 274, 279 and health care, 110 Latvia, 180 intentional, 29-30, 33-34, 38, 50-51, Lead exposures, 107 n.1, 194 52, 53, 55-56, 58, 69, 75, 77, 78, Liechtenstein, 180 87 Life-course perspective mortality rates, 29-30, 32-34, 38, 56, adolescent health, 5, 70, 99, 102 58, 69, 75, 80, 87 adverse experiences and stimuli, 5, 101, National Prevention Council 102 recommendations, 366-368 biological embedding, 101 obesity and, 147 biological exposures, 101 premature deaths, 50-51, 52, 53, 55-56, birth outcomes, 89, 186, 232-233 87 cardiovascular disease, 16-17, 58, 99, unintentional, 29, 32, 51, 52, 53, 55-56, 101, 103 58, 69, 75, 76, 78-79, 80, 87 causal pathways, 5, 9, 101-103 years of life lost before age 50, 87 child development trajectory, 9, 69-70, Injurious behaviors (see also specific 100, 101, 102 behaviors)

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From page 387...

... obesity and, 41, 146, 290 n.6 life-course perspective, 89, 102 peer country comparisons, 2, 12, 35-41, medication use, 75 42, 43, 56, 87 National Prevention Council political model and, 213-214 recommendations, 372-374 premature death and, 3, 52, 54-56 and physical health risk, 85, 86 public health policies and, 109 prevalence, 86, 88 race/ethnicity and, 40-41 screening for, 134, 374 self-reported health and, 37 and self-reported health, 37 by sex, 2, 3, 35, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, U.S. disadvantage, 85-86 55-56, 88 Mexico, 26 n.2-4, 32, 36, 59 n.2, 65 n.7, trends, 1, 35 112, 115 n.10, 172, 176, 216, 234 socioeconomic status and, 41 Middle adulthood (ages 35-49)

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From page 388...

... Healthy People 2020, 98, 275, 276-279 Noncommunicable diseases (see also public health and medical care systems, Chronic illness; individual diseases) 277-278 mortality rates, 26, 27, 28-29, 38 life expectancy and health, 276-277 and years of life lost before age 50, 52, recommendation, 275 53, 54, 55, 56 social factors, 279 Norway, 72, 95 n.1, 112, 123, 129, 148, Surgeon General's National Prevention 155, 175 n.14, 183, 187 (see also Council recommendations, 275, Peer country comparisons)

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From page 389...

... , 39, 118 premature deaths, 50, 51, 54, 55 Ontogeny, 100 ranking methods, 136 Oral and dental health/conditions, 29, 38, sexual practices, high-risk, 152-153 72-73, 352 sexually transmitted diseases, 2, 87 Oral contraceptives, 134, 152, 153, 160, social factors, 170-185 278 social programs, 234-236 Organ transplants, 124-126 suicide, 89 survival to age 50, 42-46, 47, 56 tobacco use, 141-143 P transportation-related accidents, 33, 155-156 Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 246, 264 violence, 156-158 Particulate matter, 194, 200 within-U.S. disparities, 35, 40-41, 59, 99 Peer country comparisons (see also "years behind" concept, 44-45 individual countries)

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From page 390...

... health disadvantage, 148-149 and health, 37, 67, 162, 164-165, 169, Poisoning, 29, 38, 51, 107 n.1, 149, 151, 186, 188, 207, 275 154, 158, 252 and health insurance coverage, 6 Poland, 115 n.7, 147-148, 172, 176, 178 Healthy People 2020 objectives, 279 n.19, 180, 188 life-course perspective, 99, 101, 162, Policies affecting health 164-165, 170, 262, 285, 290 Anglo-Saxon/liberal model, 211-213, older adults, 186 214, 216 peer country comparisons, 4, 171-172, birth control, 210, 221, 224 173-174, 185, 190, 207-208, 222, for children and families, 9, 217-218, 274 225-233, 234 public policies and social values, 6, 171, corporatist model, 216 188, 189, 207-208, 215, 222, 233, drug and alcohol control, 210 236 education-related, 8, 9, 19, 210, racial and ethnic minorities, 6, 12 234-235 rates, 4, 171, 185, 285, 290 exploring innovative options, 286-289 research needs, 262, 265, 269, 270 firearms availability, 210, 221, 225 safety net programs, 4, 93, 163, 185 food industry/dietary, 210, 225 n.26, 188-190, 210, 220, 231, 236 health care, 209, 222, 234 social factors interacting with, 167, 169, implications for U.S. health 170, 188, 200-201, 269, 285 disadvantage, 6, 236-238 trends, 171, 172, 190 income-related, 210, 213, 215, 217, Pregnancy 218, 234, 235 adolescent, 2, 61, 66, 67, 70, 71, 73-74, physical environment, 210 87, 89, 102, 134, 152, 153, 159, political models and, 211-219 187, 236, 269, 270, 273, 275, 277, product safety, 210 288, 371 recommendations relating to, 7-8, 9, unintended, 102, 151, 152, 263, 278, 275, 283, 286 352, 354, 373 role of, 209-210 Premature birth, 30, 66, 276 social democratic model, 213, 215, 216, Premature death 218-219, 221, 220-221 causes, 48-54, 55, 109-110 social-ecological framework, 97-98, 104 and life expectancy at birth, 3, 54-56 social services, 4, 93, 163, 185 n.26, 188- sex differences, 3, 50-51, 52, 53 190, 210, 220, 231, 234, 235, 236 Preventive services, National Prevention societal values and, 208-209, 219-225 Council recommendations, 349-352 spending on social programs, 215-217, Primary care, 4, 106, 110, 115-116, 128, 233-236 129, 132-133, 136, 207, 251, 274, tobacco control, 140, 209-210, 225 277, 352, 361, 374 transportation safety, 210, 226-231, 284 Probability of living to age 50, 46, 47

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From page 391...

... 133 National Prevention Council amenable mortality rates and, 125-126 recommendations, 369-372 case-fatality rates, 122-124, 135 Research agenda (see also Data collection case study, 120-121 and sources) chronic illness care, 119, 122-126, 132 analytic methods development, 5, 6, 7, Commonwealth Fund survey findings, 262-266 128-129 challenges/impediments, 270-272 coordination of care, 107-108, 110, 111, funding, 6-7, 270 112, 119, 127, 128, 130, 131, 133, innovative policy options, 286-289 134, 251, 280, 352 longitudinal research, 7, 263-265 delivery practices, 110, 127, 130-131 new lines of inquiry, 267-270 health promotion, 118 Residential segregation, 195-196, 197, 201 immunizations, 118 202, 204-205, 222 information technology and, 129, 130, Respiratory diseases, 28, 30, 31, 32, 38, 47, 132-133 50, 164 n.2, 194, 199 medical errors, 110, 117-118, 126-127, Rio Declaration on Social Determinants of 128, 130, 131, 149, 151, 262 Health, 257-258 miscommunications, 129, 130, 133 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation organ transplant outcomes, 124-125 Commission to Build a Healthier patient/physician satisfaction, 4, 112, America, 16, 98 127-128, 131 Russian Federation, 32, 34 n.5, 65 n.7, 74 primary care, 128, 129, 132-133, 136, n.12, 180 251

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From page 392...

... life-course perspective, 102 Stillbirths, 61, 63, 65-66 prevalence of high-risk practices, 4, Stress, 5, 86, 92, 99, 101, 102, 140 n.1, 152-153 160, 164, 168-169, 190, 197, 198, social values and, 224 205, 210, 232, 250 n.2, 251 and U.S. health disadvantage, 153-154 Stroke Sexually transmitted infections, 2, 31, 71, behavioral factors, 138, 140, 144, 147, 74, 87, 134, 151, 152, 154, 159, 149 169, 187, 236, 273, 275, 277, 282, mortality rate, 3, 34, 123, 132, 135, 208 288 n.1, 250 Singapore, 180, 214, 220 prevalence, 36, 82, 84-85, 88 Skin cancer, 31, 352 quality of care, 132, 133-134 Skin diseases, 29, 38 Suicide, 3, 34, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 61 Slovak Republic, 115 n.10, 172, 176, 216, n.6, 64, 78, 80, 85, 89, 102, 133, 234 157, 205, 250 Slovenia, 26 n.4, 33, 115 n.10, 172, 176, Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement 180, 214 in Europe (SHARE)

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From page 393...

... Department of State, 270 76, 80 behavioral factors, 133, 151, 154, 226 V environmental factors, 5, 121, 133, 195, Violence-related injuries (see also 200, 204, 226, 230 Homicides) excess years of life lost, 51, 52, 53, 54, access to care, 120-121 154 children, 2, 69, 75 health system impacts, 109, 117 n.11, environmental factors, 5, 204-205 121, 133, 134, 226 mental illness and 85-86 life-course perspective, 102-103 mortality rates, 2, 33-34, 58, 69, 75, 77, medical care, 110, 118, 119, 120-121 78, 80, 87, 120-121

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From page 394...

... Commission on Social Determinants of diabetes, 61 Health, 98, 103-104, 237 health status, 61-62, 78-80 Composite International Diagnostic injuries, 56, 78-79, 87 Interview, 86 n.20 mortality rates, 70, 87 definition of birth weight, 63 overweight and obesity, 78 Global Status Report on Alcohol, 150 Youth Risk Behavioral Survey (YRBS) , 153, Global Status Report on Road Safety, 260 155

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Index Pages 379-394

Index
Pages 379-394