Understanding Water Reuse Potential for Expanding the Nation's Water Supply Through Reuse of Municipal Wastewater (2012) / Chapter Skim
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Understanding Water Reuse
Understanding Water Reuse
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Understanding Water Reuse POTENTIAL FOR EXPANDING THE NATION'S WATER SUPPLY THROUGH REUSE OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
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= c ontents Introduction What is Water Reuse? 1 3 Types of Water Reuse 3 Case Study: The Trinity River in Texas 6 Ensuring Water Quality 7 Treatment Technologies 8 The Evolving Role of Environmental Buffers 9 Assessing the Risks of Potable Water Reuse in Context 10 Costs of Water Reuse Projects 11 Public Preferences and Acceptability 12
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The report provides an overview of the options and outlook for water reuse in the United States, discusses water treatment technologies and potential uses of reclaimed water, and presents a new analysis that compares the risks of drinking reclaimed water to those of drinking water from traditional sources.
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2.5 2.0 1.5 Reuse, Recycle, Reclaim? 1.0 Waterreuse, wastewaterreuse, and 0.5 waterrecycling all generally mean the 0.0 same thing: using treated wastewater 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 for a beneficial purpose.
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Nonpotable reuse could also include the use of reclaimed water to create recreational lakes or to build or replenish wetlands that support wildlife. Potable reuse projects use highly treated reclaimed wastewater to augment a water supply that is used for drinking and all other purposes.
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The Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County, for example, have been using highly treated reclaimed water to augment Southern California's potable water supply since 1962. Similar systems are in place in other locations in California and in other states, including Virginia, Texas, Georgia, Arizona, and Colorado.
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De facto reuse is particularly pronounced in dry periods, when natural water supplies are reduced and wastewater makes up a larger proportion of the water flow. NONPOTABLE WATER REUSE POTABLE DE FACTO WATER REUSE WATER REUSE CITY 1 CITY 2 RECHARGE BASINS WATER WASTEWATER TREATMENT TREATMENT PLANT PLANT EFFLUENT The process of treating wastewater and storing, distributing, and using reclaimed water in nonpotable, potable, and defacto reuse.
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After treatment, the potable water from the Trinity River meets Environmental Protection Agency drinking water standards. In one example of de facto water reuse, treated wastewater from Dallas/Fort Worth flows into Lake Livingston, one of Houston's main drinking water reservoirs.
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Metals and salts are examples of other contaminants that could affect drinking water taste or pose a risk for human health and the environment. Today's advanced analytical methods can detect many contaminants at extremely low levels -- but the presence of a contaminant at a low but detectable concentration doesn't always mean that the water poses a significant human health or environmental risk.
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In addition to redundant treatment processes, the committee recommended that water reuse systems incorporate plans for monitoring water quality and quickly responding to problems caused by equipment malfunctions, operator error, or changes in the quantity or quality of incoming wastewater. For nonpotable reuse systems, it is also important to prevent drinking water contamination from the inadvertent cross-connection of nonpotable water and potable water pipes.
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Since 2010, several potable reuse projects have been developed or proposed that do not incorporate environmental buffers. Engineered Unit Processes and Operation ADVANCED ENGINEERED NATURAL PROCESSES Product Water Product Water Disinfection Disinfection Nitrogen Removal Nitri cation/denitri cation Break point chlorination Managed Aquifer Recharge Soil-aquifer treatment Phosphorus Removal Riverbank ltration Biologically Arti cial recharge and Chemically recovery Suspended Solids Removal Wetlands Chemical coagulation Natural Filtration Constructed Organics Removal Carbon adsorption Reservoirs Oxidation Nano ltration Reverse osmosis Dissolved Solids Removal Softening Electrodialysis Nano ltration Reverse osmosis Brines water in process Spent carbon residuals Residuals Spent resins Sludges product water Disposal 9
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For example in Scenario 2, the risk of illness due to Salmonella is estimated to be less than 1/100th of the risk due to Salmonella in Scenario 1. Overall, the results indicate the risk of exposure to these pathogens from drinking reclaimed water does not appear to be any higher than the risk experienced in at least some current drinking water treatment systems.
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However, nonpotable reuse also typically requires a separate piping system, which can be a significant expense depending on where and how far the nonpotable water must be distributed. Water managers should also consider non-monetary costs and benefits of reuse projects, such as increased water supply reliability in times of drought, greenhouse gas emissions, and ecological impacts, to determine the most socially, environmentally, and economically feasible water supply option for their community.
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Humans have a natural revulsion to water that is perceived to be contaminated, and some times that feeling can translate into opposition to reusing treated wastewater, even when reclaimed water is shown to be of high quality. In some cases, people may even prefer lower quality water from a source perceived as "natural" over higher-quality water coming from an advanced wastewater treatment facility.
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Bureau of Reclamation, the National Science Foundation, the National Water Research Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Water Research Foundation, Orange County Water District, Orange County Sanitation District, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, Irvine Ranch Water District, West Basin Water District, Inland Empire Utilities Agency, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts, and the Monterey Regional Water Pollution Control Agency. Production of this booklet was supported by additional funding from the U.S.
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