Behavioral Measures of Neurotoxicity (1990) / Chapter Skim
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Human Neurobehavioral Toxicology Testing
Human Neurobehavioral Toxicology Testing
Pages 69-85
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From page 69... ...
There are two reasons for developing standardized tests or test batteries to screen for (i.e., identify) effects of neurotoxic chemicals: (1)
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(1985~. Those scientists conducting human neurobehavioral worksite research have also tackled the problem of battery development with enthusiasm in recent years.
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Test Battery Test Domain Benton Visual Retention Bourdon-Wiersma Symmetry Drawing Mira Test Reaction Time Santa Ana Wechsler Memory Scale (portions) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (portions)
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At that meeting, a small group of established researchers in neurotoxicology recommended a core set of tests (the Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery, or NCTB) that could be used as a basic screen to identify a broad range of neurotoxic effects, particularly for use in developing countries.
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. among Simple Reaction Time Digit Symbol Benton Visual Retention Test Digit Span Profile of Mood States (POMS)
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Domain Test Function Psychomotor Performance Symbol-Digita Coding speed Hand-Eye Coordination Coordination Simple Reaction Timea Visuomotor speed Continuous Performance Test Attention/speed Finger Tapping Motor speed Perceptual ability Pattern Comparison Visual perception Memory and learning Digit Spana Short-term memory/attention Paired-Associate Learning Visual learning Paired-Associate Recall Intermediate memory Visual Retentiona Visual memory Pattern Memory Visual memory Memory Scanning Memory processing Serial Digit Learning Learning/memory Cognitive Vocabulary Verbal ability Horizontal Addition Calculation Switching Attention Mental flexibility Affect Mood Testa Mood aVariant of WHO Core Test. SOURCE: Letz and Baker (1986)
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From page 75... ...
have reviewed major secondary reference sources in this field (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1980, 1982; Clayton and Clayton, 1981; Damstra, 1978; Gosselin et al., 1976; Lazerev and Levina, 1976; Norton, 1975, revised 1980; Spencer and Schaumburg, 1980; Weiss, 1978) to identify chemicals for which there is evidence of nervous system effects.
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From page 76... ...
That is, are they target organ effects or health effects that occur at the lowest concentrations relative to other effects for a given chemical, rather than curiosities that occur only at high exposure concentrations. One line of evidence suggesting that they are target organ effects is the fact that these are cited as the basis for recommending workplace standards by one federal agency and one independent professional group.
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HUMAN NEUROBEHAVIORAL TOXICOLOGY TESTING TABLE 4 Neurobehavioral Effects Reported Following Chemical Exposures for 25 or More Chemicals 77 Effect Of 750 Chemicalsa Motor Activity changes Ataxia Convulsions Incoordination / unsteadiness / clumsiness Paralysis Pupil size changes Reflex abnormalities Tremor/twitching Weakness Sensory Auditory disorders Equilibrium changes Olfactory disorders Pain disorders Pain, feelings of Tactile disorders Vision disorders Cognitive Confusion Memory problems Speech impairment General Anorexia Autonomic dysfunction Cholinesterase inhibition Depression of the central nervous system Fatigue Narcosis/stupor Peripheral neuropathy Affect/personality Apathy / languor / lassitude / lethargy / listlessness Delirium Depression Excitability Hallucinations Irritability Nervousness / tension Restlessness Sleep disturbances 32 89 183 62 75 31 54 177 179 37 135 37 64 47 77 121 34 33 28 158 26 64 131 87 125 67 30 26 40 58 25 39 29 31 119 NOTE: Adapted from Anger (1984, 1986) , Anger and Johnson (1985)
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From page 78... ...
Acrylamide Alkanes Anesthetic gases, waste Carbaryl Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Chloroform Cresol Dinitro-o-cresol Ethylene dibromide Fluorocarbon polymers, decomposition products Formaldehyde Hydrogen cyanide and salts Hydrogen sulfide Ketones Lead, inorganic/revised Malathion Mercury, inorganic Methyl alcohol Methyl parathion Methylene chloride Nitrites Noise Parathion Petroleum solvents, refined Styrene Tetrachloroethane (perchloroethane) 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Thiols (n-alkane monothiols, cyclohexanethiol, benzenethiol)
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This and the NIOSH criteria documents suggest that the nervous system is an important target organ for industrial chemicals in use today. To return to the 35 effects in Table 4 (produced by 25 or more of the 750 chemicals)
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Further, each battery tests for well-established health-related effects that have been accepted by the public health community in the past. They also include tests aimed at assessing the more subtle CNS deficits that occur at lower exposure concentrations than do the more frank poisoning effects that have been the focus of attention in the past.
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HUMAN NEUROBEHAVIORAL TOXICOLOGY TESTING TABLE 6 Neurobehavioral Effects Reported Following Chemical Exposures 81 Tests Neurobehavioral Effects WHO NES FIOH Motor Activity changes Ataxia Convulsions Incoordination/ Santa Ana Hand-Eye Coordination Santa Ana unsteadiness / clumsiness Paralysis Pupil size changes Reflex abnormalities Tremor/twitching Weakness Sensory Auditory disorders Equilibrium changes Olfaction disorders Pain disorders Pain, feelings of Tactile disorders Vision disorders Cognitive Confusion Memory problems Speech impairment Affect/personality Santa Ana Hand-Eye Coordination Santa Ana Santa Ana Hand-Eye Coordination Santa Ana Santa Ana Benton Pattern Benton Pattern Apathy/languor/lassitude/ POMS Mood Test lethargy / listlessness Delirium Depression POMS Excitability POMS Hallucinations Irritability POMS Mood Test Nervousness/tension POMS Mood Test Restlessness POMS Sleep disturbances General Anorexia Autonomic dysfunction Cholinesterase inhibition Depression of the central nervous system Fatigue Narcosis/stupor Peripheral neuropathy Pathology Psychic disturbances Santa Ana Benton Benton POMS Santa Ana Hand-Eye Coordination Santa Ana
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From page 82... ...
on the POMS. The reliability and validity of the resulting test have not been assessed thoroughly, and an item-by-item analysis of the mood test indicates that it does not appear to assess some types of affect that are assessed by the POMS (and occur frequently following chemical exposures)
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From page 83... ...
If test performance in various countries/cultures is within certain ranges, the WHO-NCTB battery can be used to assess poisoning incidents or other neurotoxic exposures worldwide, and the results can be generalized to people throughout the world. Thus, data from all countries could be used to assess safe exposure concentrations of specific chemicals.
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Pp. 331-347 in Neurobehavioral Toxicology, Z
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From page 85... ...
Pp. 348 387 in Neurobehavioral Toxicology, Z
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