Ranking Vaccines A Prioritization Software Tool: Phase II: Prototype of a Decision-Support System (2013) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix B: Candidate Disease Profiles
Appendix B: Candidate Disease Profiles
Pages 85-98
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in this appendix describe the disease profiles for the additional vaccine candidates evaluated in Phase II.
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Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality: Influenza causes annual seasonal epidemics throughout the world as well as periodic pandemics. In the United States, influenza has been estimated to have caused an aver age of approximately 36,000 deaths each year from 1990 to 1999 and 226,000 hospitalizations each year between 1979 and 2001.
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Vaccine: In the United States vaccination has been recommended for all persons 6 months and older since 2006. Two types of vaccines are produced: inactivated (for intramuscular administration)
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tuberculosis, but only a small proportion of these individuals will develop tuberculosis. The World Health Organization estimated that in 2010, 8.8 million people developed tuberculosis worldwide, yielding an incidence of 128 cases per 100,000 people.
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The incidence rate, number of cases, and deaths from tuberculosis has been declining in recent years, mainly due to the increased attention and resources devoted to diagnosing cases and ensuring that patients receive and complete the prescribed treatment regimen. Prevention: In most wealthy countries with low incidence rates, the prevention of tuberculosis rests primarily on prompt diagnosis, correct multi-drug treatment, and ensuring the completion of treatment among those with pulmonary tuberculosis.
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Late-onset disease often presents as meningitis with a somewhat lower mortality rate but with prominent sequelae. Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality: Group B streptococcus is the most common cause of sepsis and meningitis in infants from devel oped countries and is one of the most common causes of these condi tions in infants globally.
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This approach was widely adopted in the United States and many developed countries and resulted in substantial declines in disease in infants younger than seven days. In the United States, culture-based screening is used to identify candidates for c hemoprophylaxis, but implementing this strategy has been difficult in low- and middle-income countries.
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Nearly 6.2 million new HPV genital infections occur each year in the United States among
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If undetected and untreated, high-grade squamous intra pithelial lesions can progress to cervical cancer, of which there are e approximately 11,800 new cases in the United States each year, which lead to 3,700 deaths annually. The incidence and prevalence of HPV infection are similar in most geographic regions of the world, but the incidence of and mortality from cervical cancer vary greatly, depending on the availability and use of pap smear screening for cervical dysplasia.
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Its spread among family groups is influenced by crowding, the season of the year, and the presence of other upper respiratory infections. Health Effects: In the United States, S
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Vaccines: Currently, there are two general types of pneumococcal vaccines: pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. In the United States, the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PCV13 is currently recommended for all children under 5 years of age.
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C linical features and stool characteristics of rotavirus diarrhea are nonspecific. Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality: Rotavirus occurs throughout the world, and prevalence of rotavirus strains varies by geographic area.
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In the pre-vaccine era in the United States, about 3 million rotavirus infections occurred annually, with 95 percent of children experiencing at least one rotavirus infection by 5 years of age. In the United States, rotaviruses are responsible for 5 to 10 percent of all gastroenteritis episodes in children less than 5 years old.
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