Skip to main content

Currently Skimming:

Summary
Pages 1-12

The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.


From page 1...
... Stringent fiscal pressures on health care and research budgets have pushed analysts to take a more careful look at the health benefits and costeffectiveness that have traditionally driven decisions concerning vaccine development while at the same time a variety of other considerations have also become important in prioritizing the development and use of vaccines. This in turn makes it particularly important to have vaccine prioritization models that allow analysts to take into account the various factors in making decisions on which vaccines to prioritize.
From page 2...
... The committee evaluated the model using hypothetical vaccine candidates for the prevention of influenza, tuberculosis, and group B streptococcal infection in the United States and South Africa. The methodologies and the software framework are described in the 2012 report Ranking Vaccines: A Prioritization Framework (IOM, 2012)
From page 3...
... In addition to the influenza, tuberculosis, and group B streptococcus vaccines tested in Phase I, the committee included human papillomavirus, pneumococcal infection, and rotavirus as test vaccine candidates for both the United States and South Africa (the same two countries considered in Phase I) in this study.
From page 4...
... Decision makers and other users can employ SMART Vaccines to assist them in reaching a consensus decision or simply to guide them in establishing the knowledge base needed in various decision-making scenarios. A particularly useful characteristic of SMART Vaccines is that it offers dynamic capabilities that allow users to examine several scenarios by changing the inputs and seeing the results change instantaneously.
From page 5...
... Demographic • Benefits Infants and Children Considerations • Benefits Women • Benefits Socioeconomically Disadvantaged • Benefits Military Personnel • Benefits Other Priority Population Public Concerns • Availability of Alternative Public Health Measures • Potential Complications Due to Vaccines • Disease Raises Fear and Stigma in the Public • Serious Pandemic Potential Scientific • Likelihood of Financial Profitability and Business for the Manufacturer Considerations • Demonstrates New Production Platforms • Existing or Adaptable Manufacturing Techniques • Potential Litigation Barriers Beyond Usual • Interests from NGOs and Philanthropic Organizations Programmatic • Potential to Improve Delivery Methods Considerations • Fits into Existing Immunization Schedules • Reduces Challenges Relating to Cold-Chain Requirements Intangible Values • Eradication or Elimination of the Disease • Vaccine Raises Public Health Awareness Policy • Interest for National Security, Considerations Preparedness, and Response • Advances Nation's Foreign Policy Goals User-Defined • Up to Seven Attributes Attributes NOTE: DALYs = disability-adjusted life years; NGOs = nongovernmental organizations; QALYs = quality-adjusted life years. Attributes and Weights: This portion of SMART Vaccines is its most novel feature.
From page 6...
... SMART Score The multi-attribute utility model underlying SMART Vaccines produces a value score -- called a SMART Score -- which helps users interpret the relative performance and rank of their vaccine candidates. Because each user will have specified his or her own value function, a sample SMART Score of 60 has meaning only when comparing other vaccines within the same user's framework.
From page 7...
... This is because the disease burden and other characteristics in South Africa differ greatly from those in the United States for both influenza and tuberculosis, thus, the comparison across two populations is not a valid one. Test Vaccine Candidates Building upon the Phase I work, the Phase II committee chose to add three additional vaccine candidates for use in evaluating the software and to expand the data library for SMART Vaccines.
From page 8...
... Many different types of data, including data on demographic factors, disease burden, economic factors, and vaccine characteristics, are available to users from various sources and estimations. Because many vaccines are still hypothetical -- which means that data about them do not yet exist -- a user who wishes to analyze such a vaccine must provide some estimates of what could be possible (such as cost per dose, the developmental costs for the vaccine)
From page 9...
... To inform future versions of SMART Vaccines, the committee adopted a guiding principle: SMART Vaccines will have the greatest potential and value if it is programmed as a dynamic, continuously evolving software application, and made freely available in an opensource environment to all decision makers and developers around the world. The committee also believes, as a related strategy, that the benefit will be achieved with the greatest likelihood if the National Vaccine Program Office of the Department of Health and Human Services identifies a host for SMART Vaccines and its future versions.
From page 10...
... Results would have both an educational and a continuous learning benefit. Immediate next steps for further development of SMART Vaccines could focus on creating a data warehouse that enables users to create, share, access, and validate data for a broad range of populations, diseases, and vaccine candidates in standardized formats.
From page 11...
... Unlike previous IOM reports on vaccine prioritization, this study does not provide a "list" of vaccine priorities, nor was the committee tasked with achieving such an outcome. Users of SMART Vaccines will create their own priority lists with their own values and available data.


This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More information on Chapter Skim is available.