The Childhood Immunization Schedule and Safety Stakeholder Concerns, Scientific Evidence, and Future Studies (2013) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix B: Glossary
Appendix B: Glossary
Pages 145-156
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From page 145... ...
Symptoms of anaphylaxis include breathing difficulties, loss of consciousness, and a drop in blood pressure. This condition can be fatal and requires immediate medical attention.1 Antibody: a protein found in the blood that is produced in response to foreign substances (e.g., bacteria or viruses)
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From page 146... ...
The presence of antigens in the body triggers an immune response, usually the production of antibodies.1 Arthritis: inflammation of joints due to infectious, metabolic, or constitutional causes.2 Asperger syndrome: a developmental disorder resembling autism that is characterized by impaired social interaction, by repetitive patterns of behavior and restricted interests, by normal language and cognitive development, and often by above-average performance in a narrow field against a general background of deficient functioning -- also called Asperger's disorder.2 Asthma: a disorder that causes the airways of the lungs to swell and narrow, leading to wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing.3 Atopy: a genetic disposition to develop an allergic reaction (as allergic rhinitis, asthma, or atopic dermatitis) and produce elevated levels of IgE upon exposure to an environmental antigen and especially one inhaled or ingested.2 Attention deficit disorder (ADD)
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From page 147... ...
The alternative terms for a cohort study (i.e., follow-up, longitudinal, and prospective study) describe an essential feature of the method, which is observation of the population for a sufficient number of person-years to generate reliable incidence or mortality rates in the population subsets.
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From page 148... ...
The treatment of diabetes requires daily insulin injections, proper nutrition, and regular exercise. Complications can include heart disease, stroke, neuropathy, poor circulation leading to loss of limbs, hearing impairment, vision problems, and death.1 Diphtheria: a specific infectious disease due to the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae and its highly potent toxin; marked by severe inflammation that can form a membranous coating, with formation of a thick fibrinous exudate, of the mucous membrane of the pharynx, the nose, and sometimes the tracheobronchial tree; the toxin produces degeneration in peripheral nerves, heart muscle, and other tissues, diphtheria had a high fatality rate, especially in children, but is now rare because of an effective vaccine.5 Ecological study: a study in which the units of analysis are populations or groups of people rather than individuals.
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From page 149... ...
Ear infections or any cold or viral illness may trigger a febrile seizure.3 Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) : an acute, immune-mediated disorder of peripheral nerves, spinal roots, and cranial nerves, commonly presenting as a rapidly progressive, areflexive, relatively symmetric ascending weakness of the limb, truncal, respiratory, pharyngeal, and facial musculature, with variable sensory and autonomic dysfunction; typically reaches its nadir within 2-3 weeks, followed initially by a plateau period of similar duration, and then subsequently by gradual but complete recovery in most cases.5 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
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From page 150... ...
: a systemic illness characterized by extensive ecchymoses and hemorrhages from mucous membranes and very low platelet counts; resulting from platelet destruction by macrophages due to an antiplatelet factor; childhood cases are usually brief and rarely present with intracranial hemorrhages, but adult cases are often recurrent and have a higher incidence of grave bleeding, especially intracranial. Also known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.5 Immunoglobulins: see Antibody.
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From page 151... ...
Also known as an attenuated vaccine.1 Measles: an acute exanthematous disease, caused by measles virus (genus Morbillivirus) , a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, and marked by fever and other constitutional disturbances, a catarrhal inflammation of the respiratory mucous membranes, and a generalized dusky red maculopapular eruption; the eruption occurs early on the buccal mucous membrane in the form of Koplik spots, a manifestation useful in early diagnosis; average incubation period is from 10-12 days.5 Meningitis: inflammation of the membranes of the brain or spinal cord.5 Mumps: an acute infectious and contagious disease caused by a mumps virus of the genus Rubulavirus and characterized by fever, inflammation, and swelling of the parotid gland, and sometimes of other salivary glands, and occasionally by inflammation of the testis, ovary, pancreas, or meninges.5 Myoclonus: irregular involuntary contraction of a muscle usually resulting from functional disorder of controlling motor neurons.2 Nested case-control study: an important type of case-control study in which cases and controls are drawn from the population in a fully enumerated cohort.
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From page 152... ...
caused by laryngeal spasm.5 Pneumonia: inflammation of the lung parenchyma characterized by consolidation of the affected part, the alveolar air spaces being filled with exudate, inflammatory cells, and fibrin.5 Poliomyelitis: an acute infectious virus disease caused by the poliovirus, characterized by fever, motor paralysis, and atrophy of skeletal muscles often with permanent disability and deformity, and marked by inflammation of nerve cells in the ventral horns of the spinal cord -- called also infantile paralysis, polio.2 Randomized controlled trial (RCT) : an epidemiological experiment in which subjects in a population are randomly allocated into groups, usually called study and control groups, to receive or not receive an experimental preventive or therapeutic procedure, maneuver, or intervention.
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From page 153... ...
: descriptive term for a person's position in society, which may be expressed on an ordinal scale using such criteria as income, level of education attained, occupation, value of dwelling place, etc.4 Stroke: any acute clinical event, related to impairment of cerebral circulation, that lasts longer than 24 hours.5 Sudden death: unexpected death that is instantaneous or occurs within minutes or hours from any cause other than violence.2 Surveillance: systematic and continuous collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, closely integrated with the timely and coherent dissemination of the results and assessment to those who have the right to know so action can be taken. It is an essential feature of epidemiologic and public health practice.
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From page 154... ...
The vaccine is capable of stimulating an immune response by the host, who is thus rendered resistant to infection. The word vaccine was originally applied to the serum from a cow infected with vaccinia virus (cowpox; from Latin vacca, "cow")
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From page 155... ...
Medical records are monitored for potential adverse events following immunization. The VSD project allows for planned vaccine safety studies as well as timely investigations of hypotheses.1 Varicella: an acute contagious disease, usually occurring in children, caused by the Varicella-zoster virus genus, Varicellovirus, a member of the family Herpesviridae, and marked by a sparse eruption of papules, which become vesicles and then pustules, like that of smallpox although less severe and varying in stages, usually with mild constitutional symptoms; incubation period is about 14-17 days.5 SOURCES 1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as defined on the following webpage: http://www.
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Key Terms
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