International Perspectives on Road Pricing (2005) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Pages 69-99
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 69... ...
Resource Papers
|
From page 71... ...
The question we are here to explore is whether road pricing has finally entered or is about to enter the mainstream of transportation policy. We will do this at an international conference because the history of transport policy, the nature of road pricing, and the response to experiments with congestion pricing are sensitive to the contexts in which they have been discussed and attempted, so there is much to learn through comparison.
|
From page 72... ...
Motor fuel taxes were seen as imperfect substitutes, but they had the advantage that they were easily administered and that the costs of administering them were closer to 3% or 4% of their proceeds. Hypothecated motor fuel taxes were popular among truckers, automobile clubs, newspapers, and politicians, and they played a central role in providing the basic road infrastructure that was at that time so desperately needed (Brown 2001)
|
From page 73... ...
In Texas, for example, onefourth of the proceeds of motor fuel taxes are earmarked for expenditures on public education. However well justified these policies were seen to be by many citizens, they were seen by others as a "diversion" of what rightfully should be spent on highway programs (Roth 2003)
|
From page 74... ...
THE CURBING GRIDLOCK STUDY Under the circumstances I have outlined above, roughly a decade ago the Transportation Research Board and the Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education of the National Research Council (NRC) agreed to conduct a joint study that would • Assess and synthesize available research and experience on congestion pricing, • Commission papers on critical issues raised by congestion pricing to be presented at a national symposium, and • Develop recommendations on the potential role of market pricing principles as a tool for congestion management, guidelines for the assessment of the impacts of congestion pricing experiments, and fruitful areas for further research, demonstration, or experimentation.
|
From page 75... ...
• An incremental approach is appropriate. Source: Transportation Research Board and Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education 1994, Vol.
|
From page 76... ...
. Source: Transportation Research Board and Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education 1994, Vol.
|
From page 77... ...
Naturally, then, congestion pricing in the United States has been more facility based and located in suburban settings. HOT Lanes as a Road Pricing Innovation A number of authors who participated in the Curbing Gridlock study had observed that Americans were even more likely than Europeans to interpret road use charges as punitive, especially because, in many more instances than in Europe, roads have already been paid for by hypothecated user fees in the form of motor fuel taxes.
|
From page 78... ...
The Federal Highway Administration similarly reported that road delays, defined as travel taking more time than it would under free-flow conditions, increased by 8.5% between 1993 and 1997. There are several reasons to believe that highway congestion will continue to grow.
|
From page 79... ...
In Special Report 242: Curbing Gridlock: Peak-Period Fees to Relieve Traffic Congestion, Vol. 2, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp.
|
From page 80... ...
43–56. Transportation Research Board and Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education.
|
From page 81... ...
The first and most extensive is the work on road pricing in urban centers. Such pricing is usually based on charging to cross cordons or to be within them and is designed largely to reduce congestion and protect the environment; the London Congestion Charging Scheme is the latest and highestprofile outcome of this approach.
|
From page 82... ...
1992) , Bristol, and Leicester, conducted integrated transport studies that demonstrated the benefits of road pricing as a means of controlling demand and financing other strategy elements, as discussed further below.
|
From page 83... ...
. Originally, in Bergen the toll revenues collected were only used for road projects.
|
From page 84... ...
. While the review does not make specific proposals, it is one of the most comprehensive summaries of successes and failures in road pricing currently available.
|
From page 85... ...
The act allows the introduction of distance-based charging on the motorway network and some part of the federal highways (mainly for safety reasons) , and the toll revenues can be used for infrastructure projects.
|
From page 86... ...
Paradoxically, only the London scheme, which was not part of PROGRESS, and to a lesser extent the Norwegian toll rings that predated it will provide real evidence to other European governments of the benefits of urban road pricing. Singapore Given the limited land space, the Singapore government has foreseen the possible severe impact of traffic congestion on the development of the country (Foo 2000)
|
From page 87... ...
Although there has been a wide range of well-documented papers on the success and implementation path of road pricing in Singapore, there has been little discussion of public responses. The stable political climate in Singapore has supported the government and LTA in adopting an aggressive transport policy over the past three decades.
|
From page 89... ...
More recently, the city of Santiago, Chile, has outlined a plan to implement an urban road pricing scheme. IMPLICATIONS As noted earlier, three approaches have been developed outside North America.
|
From page 90... ...
The importance of the communication process to acceptability -- making clear the main objectives, addressing public concerns, and spelling out the bene8 2 INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON ROAD PRICING
|
From page 91... ...
states that "acceptance relates to the level of charges and to the use of toll revenues. Experiences from the PRIMA case cities indicate that fairly low starting levels are needed and that the charges can be increased successively to meet financial requirements." The notable exception in this context is the Harrington et al.
|
From page 92... ...
Economic Impacts The economic and relocation impacts of transport schemes are notoriously difficult to measure or predict. For road pricing, the lack of empirical evidence makes the problem worse.
|
From page 93... ...
Electronic technology for charging and enforcement is seen as the pathway to the future success of the implementation of road pricing. Key challenges for technology include reliability, the cost of implementation, and privacy.
|
From page 94... ...
. Scheme Design and Integrated Strategies The majority of proposals for road pricing have assumed that charges would be imposed to cross cordons or pass points in the road network.
|
From page 95... ...
comments that "road pricing is not quite yet within the mainstream of transport policy options, but .
|
From page 96... ...
It also promises, over the next 2 years, precisely the detailed empirical evidence called for in Curbing Gridlock (Transportation Research Board and Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education 1994)
|
From page 97... ...
Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol.
|
From page 98... ...
1996. The London Congestion Charging Research Programme 6: The Findings.
|
From page 99... ...
In Conference Proceedings 34: International Perspectives on Road Pricing, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., pp.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.