Improving Pedestrian Safety at Unsignalized Crossings (2006) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix A
Appendix A
Pages 65-98
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From page 65... ...
should be used where a pedestrian treatment could present an increased safety risk to pedestrians, such as where there is poor sight distance, complex geometrics, or traffic signals. System of Treatments The installation of a pedestrian crossing treatment alone does not necessarily result in more vehicles stopping for pedestrians unless that device shows a red indication to the motorist.
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From page 66... ...
NO Consider median refuge islands, curb extensions, traffic calming, etc. as feasible.
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From page 67... ...
Comp Compliance reflects the typical behavior of motorists for the site. If motorists tend to stop for a pedestrian attempting to cross at an uncontrolled location, then compliance is "high." If motorists rarely stop for a crossing pedestrian, then compliance is "low." Pedestrian walking speed (ft/s)
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From page 68... ...
These equations can calculate the minimum number of vehicles that would be needed at the given major road volume to meet the signal warrant. The recommendation made in 2006 to the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices is that the vehicles signal warrants values for crossing two lanes be used as the pedestrian signal warrant values.
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From page 69... ...
, communities with less than 10,000, or where major transit stop exists Step 2: Does the crossing meet minimum pedestrian volumes to be considered for a TCD type of treatment? Peak-hour pedestrian volume (ped/h)
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From page 70... ...
, communities with less than 10,000, or where major transit stop exists Step 2: Does the crossing meet minimum pedestrian volumes to be considered for a TCD type of treatment? Peak-hour pedestrian volume (ped/h)
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From page 71... ...
crossing distance; • 35 mph (55 km/h) speed limit; • During the peak pedestrian hour, 50 pedestrians counted when the major-road volume was 1,000 veh/h; • During the peak vehicle hour, 20 pedestrians counted when the major-road volume was 1,500 veh/h; and • Motorists observed stopping for pedestrians, showing a "high" compliance.
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From page 72... ...
, communities with less than 10,000, or where major transit stop exists Step 2: Does the crossing meet minimum pedestrian volumes to be considered for a TCD type of treatment? Peak-hour pedestrian volume (ped/h)
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From page 73... ...
The following summaries are intended to provide general descriptions of pedestrian crossing treatments that may be installed at intersections and/or midblock crossings; in all cases, engineering judgment should be used in selecting a specific treatment for installation. The summaries are based on observations of installed treatments and discussions with traffic engineers who have used or considered using one or more of the components.
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From page 74... ...
74 Treatment Characteristics Advance Signing ■ Provides additional notification to drivers that a crosswalk is near Advance Stop Line and Sign ■ Vehicle stop line is moved back from the crosswalk Median Refuge Island ■ Accessible pedestrian path within a raised median Raised Crosswalk ■ Crosswalk surface elevated above driving lanes Curb Extension ■ Curb adjacent to crosswalk lengthened by the width of the parking lane Roadway Narrowing ■ Reduced lane widths and/or number of vehicle lanes Markings and Crossing Signs ■ Standard crosswalk markings and pedestrian crossing signs ■ Subject to MUTCD requirements In-Street Pedestrian Crossing Signs ■ Regulatory signs placed in the street ■ Subject to MUTCD requirements High-Visibility Signs and Markings ■ Warning devices placed at or in advance of the pedestrian crossing ■ Subject to MUTCD requirements In-Roadway Warning Lights ■ Amber flashing lights mounted flush to the pavement surface at the crossing location Pedestrian Crossing Flags ■ Square flags on a stick carried by pedestrians ■ Stored in sign-mounted holders on both sides of the street ■ Experimental; not currently in the MUTCD Overhead Flashing Amber Beacons ■ Mounted on mast arms that extend over the roadway or on signposts at the roadside ■ Pedestrian activated ■ Subject to MUTCD requirements Pedestrian Crosswalk Signal ■ Standard traffic signal at a pedestrian crosswalk ■ Pedestrian activated Half Signal ■ Standard traffic signal on major road ■ Experimental; not currently in the MUTCD HAWK Beacon Signal ■ Combination of a beacon flasher and a traffic control signal ■ Dwells in a dark mode; pedestrian activated ■ Used exclusively in Tucson and Pima County, Arizona ■ Experimental; not currently in the MUTCD Pedestrian Beacon ■ Proposed device; not currently in the MUTCD ■ Pedestrian activated Traffic Signal ■ Standard traffic signal at an intersection or midblock location ■ Pedestrian phase typically activated by a pushbutton ■ Subject to MUTCD requirements Table A-3. Synopsis of Crossing Treatments.
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From page 75... ...
75 Advance Signing Advance signing is used to provide additional notification to drivers that a crosswalk is near and pedestrians may be crossing the roadway. Advance signing may be used in a wide variety of situations (intersections, midblock crossings, school-related crosswalks, two-lane or multi-lane roads, and divided or undivided roads)
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From page 76... ...
76 Advance Stop Line and Sign At midblock crossings and signalized or stopcontrolled approaches to intersections, the vehicle stop line can be moved farther back from the pedestrian crosswalk for an improved factor of safety and for improved visibility of pedestrians. Advance stop lines are also applicable for nonsignalized crosswalks on multi-lane roads to ensure that drivers in all lanes have a clear view of a crossing pedestrian.
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From page 77... ...
Table A-6. Geometric Element: Pedestrian Median Refuge Islands.
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From page 78... ...
78 Raised Crosswalks Raised crosswalks are a supplemental element to standard crosswalks. The crosswalk is installed on a surface that is elevated above the surface of the adjacent driving lanes.
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From page 79... ...
at Midblock Crossing Curb Extension at Intersection • AASHTO Ped Guide Description: Curb extensions reduce the crossing distance for pedestrians, improve sight distance for all users, and slow down traffic. They narrow the street to provide a visual distinction to oncoming motorists that they are approaching a crossing.
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From page 80... ...
Bike lanes or wide curb lanes are needed if vehicle volumes are high. Road narrowing must also consider truck volumes and access for school buses and emergency services.
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From page 81... ...
Crosswalks should be marked at all intersections with "substantial conflict" between vehicles and pedestrians. • FHWA Markings Guidelines: Marked crosswalks alone should not be installed at unsignalized pedestrian crossings when speeds are greater than 40 mph.
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From page 82... ...
. In-Street Pedestrian Crossing signs are described in the 2003 Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices, in Section 2B.12.
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From page 83... ...
. Fluorescent Yellow-Green Sign with Arrow Plaque, Crosswalk Markings, Raised Pavement Markers, and Example of Experimental Use of InStreet Pedestrian Crossing Sign Table A-12.
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From page 84... ...
In Section 4L.01, the 2003 MUTCD describes inroadway warning lights at crosswalks as special types of highway traffic signals installed in the roadway surface to warn road users that they are approaching a condition on or adjacent to the roadway that might not be readily apparent and might require the road users to slow down and/or come to a stop. This includes, but is not necessarily limited to, situations warning of marked school crosswalks, marked midblock crosswalks, marked crosswalks on uncontrolled approaches, marked crosswalks in advance of roundabout intersections, and other roadway situations involving pedestrian crossings.
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From page 85... ...
• Maintenance: Depending on the location where flags are used, flags will need to be replaced periodically due to normal wear and tear, theft, and/or vandalism. The frequency of replacement depends largely on the pedestrian volumes and weather conditions at the site.
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From page 86... ...
Overhead Flashing Amber Beacons with Pedestrian Crossing Sign (Current Version of Sign Does Not Include Crosswalk Markings) • MUTCD Standard: A warning beacon shall consist of one or more signal sections of a standard traffic signal face with a flashing circular yellow signal indication in each section.
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From page 87... ...
The pedestrian phase for a pedestrian crosswalk signal is activated by a pushbutton. The cycle for vehicles consists of a flashing red indication preceded by a yellow clearance interval, similar to a standard traffic control signal.
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From page 88... ...
Intersection Pedestrian Signal (Half Signal) • Guidance: Half signals are used to provide signal control for a pedestrian crossing the major street while minimizing delay for major street traffic by retaining Stop sign control on the minor street.
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From page 89... ...
This application provides a pedestrian crossing without signal control for the side street. • Operation: The inclusion of the alternating flashing red permits stop-and-go vehicle operations after a pedestrian has cleared the crosswalk.
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From page 90... ...
Dark until Activated Flashing Yellow for 3 to 6 s Steady Yellow for 3 to 6 s Steady Red during Pedestrian Interval Alternating Flashing Red during Pedestrian Clearance Interval Example of Phase Sequence for a Pedestrian Beacon • Proposed Guidance for the MUTCD: If a traffic control signal is not justified under the signal warrants of Chapter 4C and if gaps in traffic are not adequate to permit reasonably safe pedestrian crossings, or if the speed for vehicles approaching on the major street is too high to permit reasonably safe street crossings for pedestrians, or if pedestrian delay is excessive, installing a pedestrian traffic control signal should be considered. • Proposed Sign to Accompany a Pedestrian Beacon: Table A-19.
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From page 91... ...
The pedestrian volume signal warrant is intended for application where the traffic volume on a major street is so heavy that pedestrians experience excessive delay in crossing the major street. A signal may not be needed at the study location if adjacent coordinated traffic control signals consistently provide gaps of adequate length for pedestrians to cross the street.
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From page 92... ...
http://www.walkinginfo.org/pedsafe/ Illustrations of Guidelines Graphs were generated to illustrate the guidelines for the readers and are included as Figures A-6 through A-19. These graphs should be used only when the major-road speed, the pedestrian walking speed, and the crossing distance are matched to the value presented at the top of the graph.
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From page 93... ...
* E/A = Enhanced/Active, HC = High Compliance, LC = Low Compliance Pe de st ria n Vo lu m e Cr os si ng M ajo r R oa d (pe d/ h)
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From page 94... ...
* E/A = Enhanced/Active, HC = High Compliance, LC = Low Compliance Pe de st ria n Vo lu m e Cr o ss in g M ajo r R o ad (p ed /h )
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From page 95... ...
* E/A = Enhanced/Active, HC = High Compliance, LC = Low Compliance Pe de st ria n V ol um e Cr o ss in g M ajo r R oa d (pe d/ h)
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From page 96... ...
, 3.5 ft/s (1.1 m/s) Walking Speed (Plot Assumed 50/50 Volume Split for Signal Curve)
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From page 97... ...
, 3.5 ft/s (1.1 m/s) Walking Speed (Plot Assumed 50/50 Volume Split for Signal Curve)
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From page 98... ...
, 3.5 ft/s (1.1 m/s) Walking Speed (Plot Assumed 50/50 Volume Split for Signal Curve)
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