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Biologic Markers of Air-Pollution Stress and Damage in Forests (1989) / Chapter Skim
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Biomarkers for Defining Air Pollution Effecs in Western Coniferous
Pages 111-118

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From page 111...
... Riverside, California 92507 ABSTRACT Biomarkers, as discussed in this paper, are considered to be tissue level or whole plant level changes which can be directly related to air pollution exposure. In western coniferous forests the markers used most frequently include visible injury to foliage, histological changes in needle tissue, elemental contents of leaf tissue (sulfur, fluoride, etc.~.
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From page 112...
... Biomarkers and supporting information frequently used to assess air pollutant effects in western coniferous forests. ozone, it is much more difficult to find convincing evidence that observed symptoms are caused by an air pollutant.
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From page 113...
... Optical instruments underestimated both needle retention and chlorotic mottle in the lower crown; however, after adjustment for observer bias, this method did meet the criteria for accuracy and precision for needle retention but not chlorotic mottle. Needle retention and chlorotic mottle did not differ significantly between upper and lower crown but needle length was longer in the upper crown along with a larger amount of injury caused by factors other than ozone.
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From page 114...
... NEEDLE HISTOLOGY The kinds of histological effects and their sequence of development depend mainly on whether the injury is acute or chronic. One study of acute injury, typified by needle tip necrosis of conifers, sampled the transition zone between necrotic and healthy tissue to identify individual effects for each of several stress agents (Stewart et al., 1973~.
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From page 115...
... CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF LEAF TISSUE Tissue analysis for fluoride and sulfur have been an integral part of numerous studies of pollutant effects. At the West Whitecourt study site in Alberta sulfate and total sulfur content of the foliage of several tree species decreased with increasing distance along an emission corridor extending from a gas desulfurization plant.
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From page 116...
... Chlorotic mottle symptoms no longer appeared on the new foliage in the filtered air treatment, foliage retention increased, and both height growth and diameter growth increased sharply compared to both ambient air treatments. Foliage of an outside tree in the path of the air exhausted from the filtered air chamber also ceased to exhibit symptoms while other portions of the tree continued to show symptoms (Miller and Elderman, 1977~.
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From page 117...
... Draft Final Report submitted to the National Park Service, Air Quality Division, Denver. Eridanus Research Associates and Holcomb Research Inst., Butler University, Indianapolis, IN.
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From page 118...
... 1988. Ozone injury to important tree species of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks.
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Key Terms

  • air pollutant
  • ponderosa pine
  • ozone injury
  • lower crown
  • needle retention

  • national park
  • national forest
  • filtered air
  • sulfur dioxide
  • histological examination

  • pollutant effects
  • sierra nevada
  • tree species
  • pollution effects
  • ambient air

  • park service
  • sequoia national
  • mottle symptoms
  • hydrogen fluoride
  • quality division

  • visible injury
  • transition zone
  • coniferous forests
  • upper crown
  • southern sierra

  • san bernardino
  • stress agents
  • western coniferous
  • needle surface
  • branch mortality


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