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Biologic Markers of Air-Pollution Stress and Damage in Forests (1989) / Chapter Skim
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Use of Biomarkers to Monitor Forest Damage in Europe
Pages 63-72

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From page 63...
... N Cape Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Bush Estate, Penicuik EH26 OQB Midlothian, Scotland ABSTRACT Forest health is now routinely monitored in most Western European countries, using a common protocol based upon visual assessment of leaf loss, crown structure and discoloration.
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From page 64...
... expressed in 5 categories: o 1 2 3+4 0 - 10% no damage 11 - 25% indicative 26 - 60% moderate damage ~ 60% severe damage and death · Discoloration expressed in 4 categories 0 0- 10% none 1 1 1 - 25% 26 - 60% > 60% indicative moderate severe It has become apparent that such survey techniques require thorough assessors. The documented biases in the earlier W
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From page 65...
... Methods for investigating the effects of air pollutants on trees (after Cape, 1988~. 'whole leaf' external surfaces physiological external surfaces cell ultrastructure electrolyte leakage element composition leaf Nettability amount and composition of surface wax Hartel turbidity test photosynthesis/respiration water relations biochemical
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From page 66...
... roots reflected light (remote sensing) induced fluorescence electron paramagnetic resonance nuclear magnetic resonance emission of organic compounds biochemical enzymes and substrates/precursors pigments other metabolites buffer capacity elemental analysis mycorrhizal associations The ways in which such methods are used may be classified under three headings: i)
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From page 67...
... The range of tests of tree vitality applied to samples of foliage collected from 12 sites in Europe as part of a study on the early diagnosis of forest decline (Cape et al., 1988~. Visible symptoms Histology of leaf sections Leaf Nettability Amounts of surface wax and dust Hartel turbidity test Hydrocarbon emission Pigment analysis (chlorophylls + carotenoids)
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From page 68...
... The attention given to tree health in relation to air pollution stress has highlighted the deficiencies in our knowledge of the fundamental biochemical and physiological mechanisms that operate in forest trees. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS A recent CEC workshop on Forest Decline Symptomatology (CEC, 1988)
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From page 69...
... as the proceedings of workshops held under its auspices. SUMMARY In Europe, national and international surveys of forest health have been developed in response to widespread visible symptoms of decline in both coniferous and broadleaved trees.
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From page 70...
... 1988. Histological and cytological changes caused by air pollutants and other abiotic factors.
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From page 71...
... 1986. Beschreibung der Expositionskammern und der Versuchsbedingungen bei der Belastung von Pflanzen mit Luftschadstoffen und Klimastress.
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Key Terms

  • air pollutants
  • visible symptoms
  • forest health
  • pollution research
  • leaf loss

  • research report
  • decline symptomatology
  • tree health
  • pollution stress
  • individual trees

  • crown density
  • plant material
  • quantitative information
  • crown structure
  • supposed causes

  • surface wax
  • hartel turbidity
  • deperissement des
  • potential biomarkers
  • water relations

  • turbidity test
  • external surfaces
  • cec air
  • regular reports
  • buffering capacity

  • leaf nettability
  • undamaged trees
  • causal factors
  • field conditions
  • publish regular


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