Nutrition During Pregnancy Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements (1990) / Chapter Skim
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9 Weight Gain in Twin Pregnancies
9 Weight Gain in Twin Pregnancies
Pages 212-221
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From page 212... ...
Selection of twin pregnancies to identify the appropriate weight gain or the normal or optimal course poses a number of problems, in addition to those encountered in studying singleton pregnancies, specifically: More mothers of twins may have taken action to restrict their weight gain, especially if they do not know until late in gestation that they are pregnant with twins. · Many twin infants have low birth weights, even at full-term.
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From page 213... ...
. Longer gestations, with the resultant higher birth weights and lower mortalities, might be achievable if more could be learned about the physiology and progress of optimal twin pregnancies.
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From page 214... ...
TABLE 9-lB Mean Birth Weight of Twins, by Gender and Zygosity When Known Birth Weight + SDa by Gender and Zygosity Males Females Reference and Location of Study Dizygotic Monozygotic Dizygotic Monozygotic Corney et al., 1981 2,728 + 516, 2,595 + 684, 2,601 + 490, 2,385 + 607, Oxford, United Nb - 160 N = 36 N = 144 N = 18 Kingdom Aberdeen, United 2,542 + 591, 2,439 + 528, 2,557 + 516, 2,428 + 463, Kingdom N= 110 N= 56 N= 112 N= 48 Pilic et al., 1985 2,455 + 704,~ 2,316 + 651,C Belgrad, Yugoslavia N = 360 N = 360 a SD = Standard deviation. b N = sample size.
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From page 215... ...
BIRTH WEIGHT Table 9-lA and 9-lB include data on twin birth weights from several studies, more than half of which were conducted outside of the United States. In twin pregnancies, as in singleton pregnancies, birth weight is lower in female infants, infants born to primiparous women (van der Pot et al., 1982)
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From page 216... ...
in the same period in singleton pregnancies (standard deviation and number of participants were not given; Bible 9-3~. The reported difference in weight gain barely accounted for the difference that would be expected from the weight of the additional fetus
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From page 217... ...
TABLE 9-3 Weight Gain in Twin and Singleton Pregnanciesa Period of Gestation, wk Weight Gain, kg/wk, by Type of Pregnancyb Single 0.42 0.47 0.40 Twin 1~20 2(}30 3(}36 0.60 0.54 0.64 ~36 11.1 kg total gain 14.6 kg total gain a From Campbell (1986) with permission.
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From page 218... ...
A relationship of weight gain to duration is less uniformly reported. Weight gains in twin pregnancies with good birth weight outcomes are substantially higher than they are in singleton pregnancies, averaging about 22 kg (44 lb)
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From page 219... ...
b Net weight gain per week is calculated by subtracting the weight of the baby from the total gestational weight gain before computing the weekly gain. Body Composition It is not clear from body composition studies of twin pregnancies whether the additional maternal weight gain is composed of maternal fat or lean tissue.
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From page 220... ...
As in singleton pregnancies, twin birth weight appears to be related to maternal weight gain and inversely related to maternal smoking. Evidence suggests that maternal weight gain in a twin pregnancy is related to both the length of gestation and the percentage of infants born with a low birth weight.
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From page 221... ...
1983. Unconjugated estradiol, estriol and total estriol in maternal peripheral vein, cord vein, and cord arte~y serum at delive~y in pregnancies with intrauterine growth retardation.
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