Nutrition During Pregnancy Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements (1990) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
10 Causality and Opportunities for Intervention
10 Causality and Opportunities for Intervention
Pages 222-234
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 222... ...
It may also be possible to change maternal attitudes that have an impact on energy intake, either by apprising the community of recent research findings and expert opinion or through more formal avenues of health education. In identifying modifiable factors and the likely impact of such modifications on maternal and child health, the entire causal pathway depicted in Figure 2-3 must be considered, beginning with attitudes, counseling, and 222
|
From page 223... ...
They need to be extended proximally because neither clinical and public health interventions nor changes in maternal attitudes have a direct impact on gestational weight gain. Consideration must be given, at least briefly, to causal paths from maternal attitudes, nutritional counseling, and energy supplementation to energy intake, and from energy intake to gestational weight gain.
|
From page 224... ...
(1988) , indicate that WIC participants increase their energy intake and have higher gestational weight gains as a result of participation in the program (Edozien et al., 1979; Endres et al., 1981; Metcoff et al., 1985; Rush et al., 1988~.
|
From page 225... ...
changes in maternal attitudes would be difficult, to say the least. Nonetheless, as discussed in Chapter 3, authorities have increased their recommended energy intakes and target weight gains for pregnant women over the past 30 to 40 years, and these changes have been accompanied by corresponding increases in gestational weight gain.
|
From page 226... ...
countries that increased energy intake leads to larger maternal weight gains. Does Gestational Weight Gain Affect Short-Term MaternaVChild Health?
|
From page 227... ...
With regard to the effects of gestational weight gain on gestational duration, the evidence for causality is considerably weaker than that for fetal growth. Once again, reverse causality is a key issue and one that has not been adequately considered in most epidemiologic studies, especially those in which gestational weight gain has been based on total weight gain, rather than on early weight gain or rate of weight gain.
|
From page 228... ...
and the 1980 National Fetal Mortality Survey Duffel, 1986) indicate an increased perinatal mortality rate among infants born to women with low gestational weight gains, especially those with low prepregnangy weights for height.
|
From page 229... ...
High-birth-weight infants, on the other hand, tend to be taller and heavier throughout childhood and have an increased risk of obesity (Binkin et al., 1988; Fisch et al., 1975; Kramer et al., 1985; Ounsted et al., 1982~. If there is confirmation of several recent studies suggesting that increased maternal weight gain can increase gestational duration and that women with low weight gain are at increased risk for preterm delivery, the promotion of gestational weight gain might have important long-term benefits for child health.
|
From page 230... ...
It may well be possible to maximize benefits and minimize risks by focusing educational efforts, individual nutritional counseling, and energy supplementation on women who are undernourished or who have other risk factors. Increased energy intakes by such women can be expected to have a substantial impact on intrauterine growth and its longer-term child health sequelae without incurring the appreciable risks of maternal obesity and high birth weight.
|
From page 231... ...
1971. Ibe relationship between baby weight and changes in maternal weight, total body water, plasma volume, electrolytes and proteins, and urinary oestriol excretion.
|
From page 232... ...
1981. Associations between maternal weight, height, weightfor-height, weight-gain and birth weight.
|
From page 233... ...
1968. Relationship of weight gain during pregnancy to birth weight and infant growth and development in the fimt year of life: a report from the Collaborative Study of Cerebral Palsy.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.