Design Fires in Road Tunnels (2011) / Chapter Skim
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• Road tunnel fires cannot be completely eliminated until vehicle fires are eliminated. Analysis of the catastrophic tunnel fire events involving fully loaded HGVs resulted in the following conclusions: • Tunnel fires develop much more quickly than is expected.
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Given the range of variables and human behavior no one can precisely predict every fire scenario. A design fire scenario represents a particular combination of events associated with factors such as: • Type, size, and location of ignition source; • Type of fuel; • Fuel load density and fuel arrangement; • Type of fire; • Fire growth rate; • A fire's peak heat release rate; • Tunnel ventilation system; • External environmental conditions; • Fire suppression; and • Human intervention(s)
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However, ventilation may: • Increase the fire heat release rate and fire growth rate once air velocities are high depending on fire ignition locations. 3 TABLE 1 DESIGN FIRE VARIABLES Time-Dependent Design Fire Variables Values Range Design Fire Variables Are a Function of: Fire Size -- Maximum FHRR (1.5 MW–300 MW)
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A fixed fire suppression system can control the fire size, reducing the maximum heat release rate and fire growth rate. • It is essential that the detection system be capable of detecting a small fire (on the order of 1 to 5 MW)
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This synthesis is a report on the state of knowledge and practice for design fires in road tunnels and includes discussions over 13 chapters on the following topics: • Several tunnel fire safety projects have been established in the United States and in Europe. This report analyzes and provides the major conclusions derived from those research projects and their impacts on the design for tunnel fires.
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