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From page 78... ... Interdistances between escape routes vary from 100 to 400 m (328.1 to 1,312.3 ft) ; the European directive defines a maximum distance of 500 m (1,640.4 ft) Read the entire page →
From page 79... ... Austrian fire department. document based on European Directive 2004AEA4/EC 10 France Inter-ministry circular no. Read the entire page →
From page 80... ... 81 14 Germany Guidelines for equipment and operation of road tunnels RABT, DMT, SOLIT, STUVA, VdS, VFDB Guidelines Road and Transportation Research Association 15 Germany ZTV Additional Technical Conditions for the Construction of Road Tunnels - Part 1 Closed Construction - Part 2 Open Construction ZTV–Tunnel Technical addendum 1995 1999 16 Italy Tunnel lighting UNI–Milano U29000240 Guidelines July 2003 17 Italy Circular 6 Dec. Read the entire page →
From page 81... ... 32 Sweden Comparison and Review of Safety Design Guidelines for Road Tunnels SP Report 2007:08 Report SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute Report 2007 33 Sweden Model Scale Tunnel Fire Tests: Sprinkler SP Report 2006:56 Report SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute Brandforskprojekt 406021 34 Switzerland Guidelines for the Design of Road Tunnels. ASTRA (Swiss Federal Roads Office) Read the entire page →
From page 82... ... 61 Public Works Research Institute Technical Note Ministry of Construction, 1993 47 PWRI/Japan Report on Survey and Research on Tunnel Ventilation Design Principles (Tunnel Ventilation Design Principles -- Draft) Public Works Research Institute Survey Report Technology Centre of Metropolitan Expressway (1993) Read the entire page →
From page 83... ... Longitudinal ventilation introduces or removes air from the tunnel at a limited number of points, primarily creating longitudinal airflow along its length, from one portal to the other. Longitudinal ventilation can be accomplished either by injection, using central fans, using jet fans mounted within the tunnel, or a combination of injection and extraction at intermediate points. Read the entire page →
From page 84... ... When the smoke layer flow is reversed, it will be spread over the whole cross section, whereas during the people evacuation phases it is important to maintain good visibility conditions. Therefore, only after everyone is out of the tunnel can the reversal of the air flow direction take place. Read the entire page →
From page 85... ... (g) FIGURE 24 Some configurations of tunnel portals tested by Blendermann (54) Read the entire page →
From page 86... ... These were the observations in the Japanese full-scale tests. With higher velocities, the vertical turbulence in the shear layer between smoke and fresh air quickly cools the upper layer and the smoke then mixes over the entire cross section. Read the entire page →
From page 87... ... Fresh Air Supply for Transverse Ventilation During fires, it is suggested that the fresh air jets enter the tunnel near the road surface. Their exit velocity and the distances between the individual jets are small in order to obtain a uniform fresh air layer above the road. Read the entire page →
From page 88... ... When a tunnel has several ventilation sections, a certain longitudinal velocity in the fire section can be maintained by a suitable operation of the individual air ducts. By reversing the fan operation in the exhaust air duct, this duct can be used to supply air and vice versa. Read the entire page →
From page 89... ... TUNNEL FIRE DETECTION, NOTIFICATION, AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS REQUIREMENTS Fire-detection systems are necessary to alert tunnel operators of potentially unsafe conditions. The fire-detection principles are based on the parameters determined by the fire: • Smoke • Heat • Flames (radiation) Read the entire page →
From page 90... ... Considerations shall be given to a large ventilated tunnel volume, which makes fire detection difficult. CCTV Video Image Smoke Detection Video detection is a relatively new smoke detection technology that uses real-time video images. Read the entire page →
From page 91... ... These systems include the use of projected beam-type smoke detectors, duct smoke detectors, and heat detectors. • Duct smoke detectors are provided in the tunnel ventilation ducts. Read the entire page →
From page 93... ... It covers parallel escape tubes (Table F4-1) , emergency cross passages (Table F4-2) Read the entire page →
From page 94... ... The factors that will set the capacity requirements for fighting a fire in a tunnel will be: • The number of people that the rescue and fire services must assist to safety. • The size of the fire and thus the temperature and thermal radiation power that will face the firefighters. Read the entire page →
From page 95... ... • Automatic fire detection with no allowance for manual fire detection is required by many international standards. – In a few national guidelines for road tunnels there are values for the maximum detection time and degree of accuracy of fire location, including fire loads and airflow speed. Read the entire page →

From page 78...

... Interdistances between escape routes vary from 100 to 400 m (328.1 to 1,312.3 ft) ; the European directive defines a maximum distance of 500 m (1,640.4 ft)