Underground Engineering for Sustainable Urban Development (2013) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 17-36
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. Meanwhile, some suggest short-term focus needs to be on design and adoption of community-based strategies to reduce 17 Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 17 2/6/2013 3:15:55 PM
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Sweden's experience with underground sewage treatment facilities since the 1940s (Isgård, 1975) and Norway's expansive network of underground infrastructure, including electric power generation, water supply and wastewater treatment facilities, air traffic control, financial, archival, civil defense and national security facilities (Linger et al., 2002)
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Under the sponsorship of the National Science Foundation, the NRC convened a new panel of experts to explore sustainable underground development in the urban environment, to identify research needed to make good use of the advan tages, and to develop an enhanced public and technical community understanding of the role of engineering of underground space in the sustainability of the urban built environment. The committee comprised researchers and practitioners with expertise in geotechnical engineering, underground construction, trenchless tech nologies, risk assessment, and visualization techniques for geotechnical applica tions.
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• Identify the research needed to capitalize on opportunities for enhancing sustainable urban development through underground engineering, in the fol lowing areas: • Underground characterization, prediction of the geologic environ ment, and ground response critical for successful design and construction of underground projects and critical facilities to maximize sustainability and resiliency; • Construction and monitoring methodologies and enhanced excava of stakeholders, each with potentially different and sometimes opposing needs, interests, governing structures, and resources. SUSTAINABILITY Refining the definition of sustainability as it applies to underground devel opment was the first task undertaken by the study committee.
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local values. The committee's definition of sustainable urban underground devel opment is provided in Box 1.2.
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Inherent in such an analysis would be consideration of which difficulties of outgrowing available land can be more easily solved -- is it easier to create new productive agricultural land or to develop water supply and transportation approaches to service hillside developments? In real scenarios, such decisions extend to a regional and national context, but the Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 22 2/6/2013 3:15:57 PM
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. Human remains, shells, animal bones, and stone artifacts discovered in the Klasies River Mouth Cave in South Africa offer strong evidence that modern humans lived there more than 120,000 years ago when the climate was as warm or warmer than today (Rightmire and Deacon, 1991)
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Some cultures have made the underground an integral part of daily life and their princi pal dwellings for thousands of years. Indigenous communities in China, Turkey, Spain, and Tunisia have continuously occupied man-made spaces belowground for more than 4,000 years; tens of millions of present-day Chinese still live in Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 24 2/6/2013 3:15:57 PM
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Many contempo Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 25 2/6/2013 3:16:01 PM
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. Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 26 2/6/2013 3:16:02 PM
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SOURCE: Photo by Gard Karlsen, available at http:// gardkarlsen.com. Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 27 2/6/2013 3:16:03 PM
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28 UNDERGROUND ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT TABLE 1.1 Examples of Potential Benefits and Drawbacks of Underground Space Major Sub Potential Benefits Potential Drawbacks Issues Category Physical Location Proximity for functional benefit Unfavorable geology in chosen and Limited use of surface space location Institutional Provides utility and Uncertain geology Issues transportation services Isolation Climatic: thermal, severe Climatic: thermal, flooding, weather, fire, earthquake Communication Protection: noise, vibration, Human issues: pyschological explosion, fallout, industrial concerns, fire safety, personal accident safety Security: limited access, protected surfaces Containment: hazardous materials and processes Preservation Aesthetics: visual impact, Aesthetics: visual impact, interior design building services, skillful Environmental: natural design required landscape, ecology Environmental: site degradation, Low material degradation drainage, pollution Layout Topographical freedom Ground support 3-dimensional planning Span limitations Access limitations Adaptability Sewage removal Institutional Easement acquisitions Permits Building code Investment uncertainty Life-cycle Initial Cost Land cost savings Confined work conditions cost Construction savings: no Ground support structural support, weather Limited Access independent, scale of Ground excavation, transport and construction disposal Sale of excavated materials or Cost uncertainty: geological, minerals contractual, institutional delays Savings in specialized design features Operating Maintenance Equipment/materials access Cost Insurance Personnel access Energy Use Ventilation and lighting Maintenance and repair Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 28 2/6/2013 3:16:04 PM
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Properly planned and maintained, underground infrastructure can contribute to sustainability by preserving natural surface resources (e.g., land, water, biodiversity) , reducing air pollution related to transportation, creating opportunities for less energy use and waste generation, and creating structures more resilient to many catastrophic events.
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Although there is a large volume beneath Earth's surface, perhaps only the first 30 meters beneath cities are used to support most urban functions. And of the first 30 meters, the vast majority of subsurface utilities and transportation services are placed beneath Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 30 2/6/2013 3:16:04 PM
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This is particularly true for spaces such as bored tunnels or caverns created within soil or rock; their presence significantly affects future options and costs of new underground infra structure in their vicinity. Structural and geotechnical constraints can limit the types of facilities placed underground in a given location or increase construction or operational costs rela Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 31 2/6/2013 3:16:05 PM
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Existing underground infrastructure or legacy construction debris constrain underground planning and construction. However, placing infrastructure underground provides an added development dimension: complex transportation systems can be located beneath cities, and tunnels can be placed beneath mountain ranges and rivers.
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. In this report, the committee will argue that a multilevel, multidisciplinary approach to urban planning that incorporates underground engineering as part of the overall approach may provide a better framework for sustainable urban development.
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Chapter 2 traces the evolution of urban underground space use and the drivers affecting proper development. In Chapter 3, the committee discusses the role of underground engineering in sus tainability and some of the challenges of sustainable underground development.
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1991. Comparative studies of Late Pleistocene human remains from Klasies River Mouth, South Africa.
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London: E & FN Spon. Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 36 2/6/2013 3:16:07 PM
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