Underground Engineering for Sustainable Urban Development (2013) / Chapter Skim
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3 Contributions of Underground Engineering to Sustainable and Resilient Urban Development
3 Contributions of Underground Engineering to Sustainable and Resilient Urban Development
Pages 67-104
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From page 67... ...
This chapter discusses the urban setting as a system of systems, and the broadest relationships between underground space use and the essential elements for urban sustainability. Physical qualities of infrastructure related to transporta tion, shelter, food, water, and key material resources that contribute to sustainabil ity or make them vulnerable to hazards are described.
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. Utilidors provide continuous maintenance access Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 68 2/6/2013 3:16:20 PM
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. Today, many cities have urban transit subway systems, underground Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 69 2/6/2013 3:16:20 PM
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Box 3.2 provides an example of the performance of transportation infrastructure crossing San Francisco Bay following the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989. Different types of underground transportation elements and systems and their roles in sustainable urban development are described.
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This process is often time consuming and can result in increased project costs. Public Transit Subways Public transit is a vital part of many urban areas and an integral part of a sustainable urban environment.
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The location and services that support more dense, compact development in the vicinity of transit stations -- as opposed to the development of urban sprawl -- can affect the overall cost to the taxpayers in terms of provision Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 72 2/6/2013 3:16:21 PM
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From page 73... ...
of essential services such as schools, police, fire and EMS protection, hospitals, water, sewer, electrical, natural gas, food, and other supply sources, all necessary attributes of developing a sustainable urban environment. The ability to update and replace subway system components such as con duit, electrical and fiber optic cables, water lines, waste water lines, ventilation systems components, lighting, signage, escalators and elevators, and informa tion systems makes it reasonable to expect useful service of subway tunnels for more than 100 years.
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SOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alaskanviaduct.jpg. Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 74 2/6/2013 3:16:28 PM
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SOURCE: WSDOT. Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 75 2/6/2013 3:16:29 PM
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Some traffic problems can be eased with dedicated and signalized surface Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 76 2/6/2013 3:16:36 PM
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. The ambi tious plan indicates growing recognition that not enough surface area exists to provide for the needs and services required to remain competitive in a global Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 77 2/6/2013 3:16:36 PM
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because of longer travel distances and limited public transportation options. Providing central ized services to low-density developments requires increased lengths of utility Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 79 2/6/2013 3:16:37 PM
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, but initial costs, moisture control issues, acceptance, and resale issues limit their widespread construction. Urban Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional Facilities Sustainable urban areas must provide necessary commercial, industrial, and institutional infrastructures that support and manage a viable economy, provide jobs, and deliver support including education and social services.
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Warehouses and retail food outlets, for example, are typically windowless facilities that have little need to occupy the surface, especially when surface space is scarce. Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 81 2/6/2013 3:16:38 PM
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However, issues that arise in the interaction between urban development, energy and mineral extraction, and the use of urban underground space are justified for discussion in this report, and brief and general descriptions of some issues are provided. Estimates vary for how long world oil, gas, and other energy reserves will last given current consumption rates.
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From page 84... ...
Under the right combination of rock qual ity and economic conditions, an aggregate supply can be maintained and newly created underground space in large mined caverns can provide a stable natural temperature and a high degree of separation from other urban or recreational uses on the land surface above. The Kansas City area is a prime example of what can be developed.
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. Kansas City has since adopted new safety language into its code for underground spaces that establish minimum safety requirements.a SubTropolis and other underground facilities now include fire suppression systems and safety practices.
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Underground construction -- as compared to surface or elevated construc tion -- can mitigate noise and vibration and can offer greater air quality control and beneficial reuse of waste construction materials, including soil and rock removed from the site. On the other hand, to contribute to the sustainable urban natural environment system, infrastructure placed underground needs to be con structed with consideration of issues associated with water quality, groundwater flow, potential changes to soil geochemistry, or changes in underground tempera tures or heat flow that might impact the natural and built environments.
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From page 87... ...
Security needs also have changed markedly from even 10 years ago, and planners and engineers need to mitigate hazards and risks not previously examined while maintaining societal expectations for well-being and quality of life. Further, facility, materials, and space usage have changed over expected infrastructure Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 87 2/6/2013 3:16:41 PM
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They need to accommodate the constantly evolving urban environment. Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 88 2/6/2013 3:16:41 PM
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It is possible to model individual Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 89 2/6/2013 3:16:42 PM
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Large earthquakes, however, can still cause significant dam age on underground structures, especially near earthquake epicenters. Significant Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 90 2/6/2013 3:16:42 PM
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Although debate on climate change science is not a focus of this report, it is appropriate Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 91 2/6/2013 3:16:43 PM
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Public underground infrastructure owners and operators assessed the impending hazards and risks associated with the storm and took to bring attention to ways that development and use of underground space may mitigate potential climate change effects. Underground engineering may affect climate change drivers (e.g., land use, greenhouse gas emissions)
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Options such as relocation or migration of urban centers away from areas susceptible to environmental changes could be considered but are not addressed in this report. Rethinking the placement of critical services -- such as Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 93 2/6/2013 3:16:43 PM
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Sea level rise associated with climate change poses significant risk to underground infrastructure. Global sea levels are projected to rise 8-23 cm by 2030 relative to 2000 levels, and 50-140 cm by 2100 (NRC, 2012)
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? Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 95 2/6/2013 3:16:44 PM
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to create improved service infrastructure coupled with a more pedestrian-friendly environment. Given such scenarios, underground engineering technologies could assess whether existing underground pipe and cable networks could withstand additional depths of burial or flood pressure loading, how exist ing building basements might be reinforced against such load increases, and the potential for increased corrosion, among other characteristics.
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Through adoption of this type of approach for underground space and infrastructure (occupied or not) , the consequences of extreme events can be Underground Engineering Camera-Ready.indd 97 2/6/2013 3:16:45 PM
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2009. Urban Underground Infrastructure and Climate Change: Opportunities and Treats.
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Proceedings of the 13th World Conference of Associated Research Centers for the Urban Underground Space, Marina Bay Sands, Singapore. November 7-9, 2012.
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