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From page 271... ... , 169, 245 denial of benefits, 102-103 recipient characteristics, 239, 244 state benefit variations, 237, 238 American Enterprise Institute, 69 American Housing Survey, 207n.18, 267 Annual Housing Survey, 207n.18 Apartment buildings, 82, 105 Asians, 10~109 Atlanta, Ga. ghetto poverty in, 41 income in, 204 subway system, 23~231 Automobile ownership, 102 Baltimore, Md., 20n.6 ghetto poverty in, 36, 37, 41, 72 recidivism study, 161-162 subway system, 23~231 Blacks, 16 income job proximity and, 196-202 neighborhood effects, 28, 29, 9~97, 168 169, 170 residential segregation and, 187-188, 189-196, 217, 220 school effects, 171-172, 173 suburban employment, 202-206, 218 271 suburban residence, 206 216, 218, 219, 230, 255 in ghettos, 20, 30, 36, 37, 124, 25~259 income, 2S, 29, 96-97, 230 number of, 43-44, 50, 59-67 decreases in, 74, 85, 88, 228 increases in, 35, 37, 39-41, 42-43, 22~229 proportion of, 1, 2, 10, 11, 24, 26, 27, 48 unemployment, 256 middle class, 8, 76, 88, 124 neighborhood effects on, 111, 117-118 crime, 160, 257 educational attainment, 135, 136 137 income, 16~169, 170 teenage sexual behavior, 123, 131n.10, 163-166, 167, 175-176 public housing and, 226, 227 rural poor, 33-34 school effects on, 177 cognitive skills, 140, 14~152, 153, 154, 175 educational attainment, 12~130, 131-132, 133-135, 174 income, 171-172, 173 teenage sexual behavior, 166, 176 and welfare, 237 Boston, Mass., 20n.6 ghetto poverty in, 2, 10, 41, 72 SMSA boundaries, 58 Brooke amendment (1969) Read the entire page →
From page 272... ... black employment in, 191, 19~193, 194, 195-196, 197 "community areas," 19 high school gangs, 132 housing conditions in, 77, 82, 83, 91 job proximity in, 198, 199, 218 mass transit use, 232 number of ghetto poor, 36, 37 out-migration, 254 poverty neighborhoods, 7~71, 72, 73, 88, 92 economic and social conditions, 78 erects on crime, 157-160, 162, 175 and teenage pregnancy, 123, 165, 166, 167, 175, 257 public housing, 82, 83, 91, 225 residential segregation, 228, 229 suburbs, 117-118, 120n.3 Chicago Housing Authority, 118n.2 Children. See also Teenagers education, family income and, 24~241 in poverty neighborhoods, 3, 83, 108, 111, 112, 113-118 cognitive skills, 13~155, 17~175 crime, 155-162, 175 INDEX educational attainment, 127-138, 174 labor market success, 167-173, 176 measuring effects on, 11~121, 123, 124, 125-126 sexual behavior, 162-167, 175-176 in single-parent families, 17, 27-28, 163, 256 welfare and, 259-260 Child support, 102 Cincinnati, Ohio poverty neighborhoods, 72 Cities. Read the entire page →
From page 273... ... See also School effects federal programs, 24~243, 263 and income, 203, 204 neighborhood effects, 135-137, 168, 174 school effects, 137-138, 174 raaal composition, 131-132 socioeconomic status, 127-131, 132-135 years of, 30, 76, 83 and labor market success, 99, 100, 101, 211-212, 214 Education Consolidation and Improvement Act, Chapter 1, 241, 242-243 Elderly in labor force, 101, 103 in poverty, 74, 83, 104 Elementary school poverty rates in, 142n.26 socioeconomic status, 14~146, 154, 175, 177, 179 Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965) , 241 Employers and black workers, 187-188, 189-191, 192-193, 194, 195, 202 federal policy and, 235-236 and ghetto residents, 4-5, 99 Employment, 17, 19 black, 220 job proximity and labor supply, 1~202, 217-218 residential segregation and, 187-188, 189-196, 217 suburban income, 202-206, 210, 218 suburban residence, 206 216, 218 federal policies and, =5, 21/-219, 262-263 highways and mass transit, 231-232 job training, 103, 243-245, 260, 263 school programs, 241-242, 243 suburban, 224, 235 taxation, 235-236 welfare, 237 in poverty neighborhoods, 28, 7~76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 97, 25~255, 256 labor force analysis, 99-102 neighborhood eRects on, 167-171, 176 Read the entire page →
From page 274... ... , 139, 142, 111 145, 147, 151, 152, 153 European immigrants, 108 Experimental Housing Allowance Program, 91 Fair housing laws, 3-4, 229, 245 Family effects, 26-28, 176 on academic achievement, 129, 240-241 female-headed, 74, 96, 97, 254, 256, 262 single-parent, 2, 17, 19, 27-28, 102 socioeconomic status, 119-121, 156, 173 on teenage sexual behavior, 164 welfare receipt, 237 Family Support Act (1988) , 10~103 Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Reports, 158 Federal Highway Administration, 233 Federal Housing Administration, 224-225 Federal policy ghetto poverty, 5-6, 12-13, 31-32, 52, 68, 111, 260-261 and poverty concentration promotion of, 3-4, 223-224, 245-246 economic development, 235-236 housing projects, 3, 103-105, 108, 112, 181, 224-227, 239, 245, 266 residential desegregation, 123-124, 218-219, 227-230 transportation, 234}234 welfare, 23~240 reduction of, 102-108 education, 24~243 human capital investment, 262-264 job training, 243-245 macroeconomic policy, 261-262 residential mobility, 260266 Female-headed families, 74, 96, 97, 254, 256, 262 Filtering process, 90, 92, 93, 95, 98, 99, 106 Food stamps, 237 Fort Lauderdale, Fla. Read the entire page →
From page 275... ... , 88 Household income, 74-76, 82, 83, % Housing. See also Public housing projects conditions, poverty neighborhood, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82~5, 87, 88, 89, 97-98 construction, 94, 95-96, 98, 106, 108, 264 costs, 90, 201, 207, 216 federal policy, 103-105, 224-227 residential mobility, 5-6, 260266 residential segregation, 123-124, 178, 181 and black employment, 187, 188, 189-196, 217 exclusionary practices, 187, 206, 265 policy implications, 218-219, 227-230 subsidies, 93-94, 100, 112, 225-227 vacancy rates, 76, 82, 83, 89, 97, 98 Housing Assistance Supply Experiment, 226, 227 Houston, Tex. Read the entire page →
From page 276... ... See also Ghetto poverty Census Bureau and, 267 defining, 9, 19-20, 23, 112-113 effects on children, 3, 111, 113-118, 173, 17~177, 257 cognitive skills, 138 crime, 155, 157-160, 161-162, 175 INDEX educational attainment, 134, 135-137, 174 labor market success, 16~171, 173, 176 measuring, 118-127 teen pregnancy, 163-164, 165, 166, 167, 175-176 employment effects job proximity, 190199 socioeconomic status, 188, 189 persistently poor, 68 research on, 177-180 Newark, N.J. poverty neighborhoods, 36, 37, 72 residential segregation, 228, 229 New Orleans, La. Read the entire page →
From page 277... ... , 101-102 Race Census Bureau data suppression, 56-57 and crime, 162 housing discrimination, 216, 224-225, 227, 265 segregation, l9n.3, 5, 22, 42n.31, 124, 126, 136 137 and sexual behavior, 256-257 Racial composition ghettos, 1, 10, 21-22, 24, 26, 27, 33, 38 neighborhood effects, 173, 177 educational attainment, 130137 income, 16~169 school effects, 173, 177 on blacks, 146-152 college attendance, 131-132 labor market success, 171-172, 173, 176 teenage sexual behavior, 16~167 on whites, 152-154 Raleigh, N.C. SMSA boundaries, 57 Reagan administration, 105, 107 Recidivism, 161-162 Regional variations. Read the entire page →
From page 278... ... , 108 Single-parent families, 2, 17, 19, 27-28, 102 female-headed, 74, 96, 97, 254, 256, 262 Single-room housing, 96 Social Security, 102 Socioeconomic status (SES) , 111, 114n.1, 123-124 neighborhood eRects, 118, 122, 125, 173 black employment, 188, 189 crime, 115, 157-160, 161, 162 educational attainment, 137-138 teenage sexual behavior, 167, 175-176 parental, 152-153, 156, 166 school effects, 116, 131n.11 cognitive skills, 139-144, 154, 174-175 college attendance, 118, 127-131 crime, 155-157 educational attainment, 132-135, 137-138, 174, 17~179 income, 171, 173 teenage sexual behavior, 16~165, 176 South federal policies and, 3, 245 ghetto poverty in, 1-2, 1~11, 36, 39, 51, 63 66, 86 decreases in, 37, 40, 41, 52 persistent poverty, 258 population growth, 8 rural poverty in, 33-34 school integration, 132, 138, 147, 154, 174, 175 welfare benefits in, 237 Spatial mismatch hypothesis, 187, 188, 219, 254-255 suburban employment and, 202, 203 suburban residence and, 206, 21~211, 213, 216 Standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMSA) Read the entire page →
From page 279... ... , 71, 88, 89, 102 Welfare, 19, 169-170 benefits, 237, 266 and children, 137n.20, 259-260 dependency, 2, 176, 263 federal job programs and, 244 federal policy, 102, 236 240 West federal policies and, 3, 245 ghetto poverty in, 1, 10, 36, 40, 6~67, 86 population growth, 8 Whites effects on blacks in employment, 190, 192-193, 194, 195, 217 in school, 146-152, 154 in suburbs, 216 federal housing for, 104 and ghetto poverty, 1, 10, 24, 33, 82, 123 out-migration from cities, 49, 50, 74, 87~8, 240 neighborhood edects on, 111 educational attainment, 135, 136-137 income, 16~169, 197-198, 204, 208, 230 parental effects, 146 school effects on, 188n.1 racial composition, 148, 152-154, 16~167, 174 Read the entire page →
From page 280... ... 280 social composition, 130, 131-132, 133, 140, 141, 154, 160, 174, 175 teenage sexual behavior, 131n.10, 164 W~lkes-Barre, Pa. SMSA boundaries, 57-58 Women employment, 4, 101,171, 198, 260 feminization of poverty, 74 income, 212n.26, 217 INDEX single mothers, 29, 31, 102-103 teenage pregnancy, 167, 175-176 Women, Infants and Children (WIC) Read the entire page →

From page 271...

... , 169, 245 denial of benefits, 102-103 recipient characteristics, 239, 244 state benefit variations, 237, 238 American Enterprise Institute, 69 American Housing Survey, 207n.18, 267 Annual Housing Survey, 207n.18 Apartment buildings, 82, 105 Asians, 10~109 Atlanta, Ga. ghetto poverty in, 41 income in, 204 subway system, 23~231 Automobile ownership, 102 Baltimore, Md., 20n.6 ghetto poverty in, 36, 37, 41, 72 recidivism study, 161-162 subway system, 23~231 Blacks, 16 income job proximity and, 196-202 neighborhood effects, 28, 29, 9~97, 168 169, 170 residential segregation and, 187-188, 189-196, 217, 220 school effects, 171-172, 173 suburban employment, 202-206, 218 271 suburban residence, 206 216, 218, 219, 230, 255 in ghettos, 20, 30, 36, 37, 124, 25~259 income, 2S, 29, 96-97, 230 number of, 43-44, 50, 59-67 decreases in, 74, 85, 88, 228 increases in, 35, 37, 39-41, 42-43, 22~229 proportion of, 1, 2, 10, 11, 24, 26, 27, 48 unemployment, 256 middle class, 8, 76, 88, 124 neighborhood effects on, 111, 117-118 crime, 160, 257 educational attainment, 135, 136 137 income, 16~169, 170 teenage sexual behavior, 123, 131n.10, 163-166, 167, 175-176 public housing and, 226, 227 rural poor, 33-34 school effects on, 177 cognitive skills, 140, 14~152, 153, 154, 175 educational attainment, 12~130, 131-132, 133-135, 174 income, 171-172, 173 teenage sexual behavior, 166, 176 and welfare, 237 Boston, Mass., 20n.6 ghetto poverty in, 2, 10, 41, 72 SMSA boundaries, 58 Brooke amendment (1969)

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From page 272...

... black employment in, 191, 19~193, 194, 195-196, 197 "community areas," 19 high school gangs, 132 housing conditions in, 77, 82, 83, 91 job proximity in, 198, 199, 218 mass transit use, 232 number of ghetto poor, 36, 37 out-migration, 254 poverty neighborhoods, 7~71, 72, 73, 88, 92 economic and social conditions, 78 erects on crime, 157-160, 162, 175 and teenage pregnancy, 123, 165, 166, 167, 175, 257 public housing, 82, 83, 91, 225 residential segregation, 228, 229 suburbs, 117-118, 120n.3 Chicago Housing Authority, 118n.2 Children. See also Teenagers education, family income and, 24~241 in poverty neighborhoods, 3, 83, 108, 111, 112, 113-118 cognitive skills, 13~155, 17~175 crime, 155-162, 175 INDEX educational attainment, 127-138, 174 labor market success, 167-173, 176 measuring effects on, 11~121, 123, 124, 125-126 sexual behavior, 162-167, 175-176 in single-parent families, 17, 27-28, 163, 256 welfare and, 259-260 Child support, 102 Cincinnati, Ohio poverty neighborhoods, 72 Cities.

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From page 273...

... See also School effects federal programs, 24~243, 263 and income, 203, 204 neighborhood effects, 135-137, 168, 174 school effects, 137-138, 174 raaal composition, 131-132 socioeconomic status, 127-131, 132-135 years of, 30, 76, 83 and labor market success, 99, 100, 101, 211-212, 214 Education Consolidation and Improvement Act, Chapter 1, 241, 242-243 Elderly in labor force, 101, 103 in poverty, 74, 83, 104 Elementary school poverty rates in, 142n.26 socioeconomic status, 14~146, 154, 175, 177, 179 Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965) , 241 Employers and black workers, 187-188, 189-191, 192-193, 194, 195, 202 federal policy and, 235-236 and ghetto residents, 4-5, 99 Employment, 17, 19 black, 220 job proximity and labor supply, 1~202, 217-218 residential segregation and, 187-188, 189-196, 217 suburban income, 202-206, 210, 218 suburban residence, 206 216, 218 federal policies and, =5, 21/-219, 262-263 highways and mass transit, 231-232 job training, 103, 243-245, 260, 263 school programs, 241-242, 243 suburban, 224, 235 taxation, 235-236 welfare, 237 in poverty neighborhoods, 28, 7~76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 97, 25~255, 256 labor force analysis, 99-102 neighborhood eRects on, 167-171, 176

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From page 274...

... , 139, 142, 111 145, 147, 151, 152, 153 European immigrants, 108 Experimental Housing Allowance Program, 91 Fair housing laws, 3-4, 229, 245 Family effects, 26-28, 176 on academic achievement, 129, 240-241 female-headed, 74, 96, 97, 254, 256, 262 single-parent, 2, 17, 19, 27-28, 102 socioeconomic status, 119-121, 156, 173 on teenage sexual behavior, 164 welfare receipt, 237 Family Support Act (1988) , 10~103 Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Reports, 158 Federal Highway Administration, 233 Federal Housing Administration, 224-225 Federal policy ghetto poverty, 5-6, 12-13, 31-32, 52, 68, 111, 260-261 and poverty concentration promotion of, 3-4, 223-224, 245-246 economic development, 235-236 housing projects, 3, 103-105, 108, 112, 181, 224-227, 239, 245, 266 residential desegregation, 123-124, 218-219, 227-230 transportation, 234}234 welfare, 23~240 reduction of, 102-108 education, 24~243 human capital investment, 262-264 job training, 243-245 macroeconomic policy, 261-262 residential mobility, 260266 Female-headed families, 74, 96, 97, 254, 256, 262 Filtering process, 90, 92, 93, 95, 98, 99, 106 Food stamps, 237 Fort Lauderdale, Fla.

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From page 275...

... , 88 Household income, 74-76, 82, 83, % Housing. See also Public housing projects conditions, poverty neighborhood, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82~5, 87, 88, 89, 97-98 construction, 94, 95-96, 98, 106, 108, 264 costs, 90, 201, 207, 216 federal policy, 103-105, 224-227 residential mobility, 5-6, 260266 residential segregation, 123-124, 178, 181 and black employment, 187, 188, 189-196, 217 exclusionary practices, 187, 206, 265 policy implications, 218-219, 227-230 subsidies, 93-94, 100, 112, 225-227 vacancy rates, 76, 82, 83, 89, 97, 98 Housing Assistance Supply Experiment, 226, 227 Houston, Tex.

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From page 276...

... See also Ghetto poverty Census Bureau and, 267 defining, 9, 19-20, 23, 112-113 effects on children, 3, 111, 113-118, 173, 17~177, 257 cognitive skills, 138 crime, 155, 157-160, 161-162, 175 INDEX educational attainment, 134, 135-137, 174 labor market success, 16~171, 173, 176 measuring, 118-127 teen pregnancy, 163-164, 165, 166, 167, 175-176 employment effects job proximity, 190199 socioeconomic status, 188, 189 persistently poor, 68 research on, 177-180 Newark, N.J. poverty neighborhoods, 36, 37, 72 residential segregation, 228, 229 New Orleans, La.

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From page 277...

... , 101-102 Race Census Bureau data suppression, 56-57 and crime, 162 housing discrimination, 216, 224-225, 227, 265 segregation, l9n.3, 5, 22, 42n.31, 124, 126, 136 137 and sexual behavior, 256-257 Racial composition ghettos, 1, 10, 21-22, 24, 26, 27, 33, 38 neighborhood effects, 173, 177 educational attainment, 130137 income, 16~169 school effects, 173, 177 on blacks, 146-152 college attendance, 131-132 labor market success, 171-172, 173, 176 teenage sexual behavior, 16~167 on whites, 152-154 Raleigh, N.C. SMSA boundaries, 57 Reagan administration, 105, 107 Recidivism, 161-162 Regional variations.

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From page 278...

... , 108 Single-parent families, 2, 17, 19, 27-28, 102 female-headed, 74, 96, 97, 254, 256, 262 Single-room housing, 96 Social Security, 102 Socioeconomic status (SES) , 111, 114n.1, 123-124 neighborhood eRects, 118, 122, 125, 173 black employment, 188, 189 crime, 115, 157-160, 161, 162 educational attainment, 137-138 teenage sexual behavior, 167, 175-176 parental, 152-153, 156, 166 school effects, 116, 131n.11 cognitive skills, 139-144, 154, 174-175 college attendance, 118, 127-131 crime, 155-157 educational attainment, 132-135, 137-138, 174, 17~179 income, 171, 173 teenage sexual behavior, 16~165, 176 South federal policies and, 3, 245 ghetto poverty in, 1-2, 1~11, 36, 39, 51, 63 66, 86 decreases in, 37, 40, 41, 52 persistent poverty, 258 population growth, 8 rural poverty in, 33-34 school integration, 132, 138, 147, 154, 174, 175 welfare benefits in, 237 Spatial mismatch hypothesis, 187, 188, 219, 254-255 suburban employment and, 202, 203 suburban residence and, 206, 21~211, 213, 216 Standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMSA)

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From page 279...

... , 71, 88, 89, 102 Welfare, 19, 169-170 benefits, 237, 266 and children, 137n.20, 259-260 dependency, 2, 176, 263 federal job programs and, 244 federal policy, 102, 236 240 West federal policies and, 3, 245 ghetto poverty in, 1, 10, 36, 40, 6~67, 86 population growth, 8 Whites effects on blacks in employment, 190, 192-193, 194, 195, 217 in school, 146-152, 154 in suburbs, 216 federal housing for, 104 and ghetto poverty, 1, 10, 24, 33, 82, 123 out-migration from cities, 49, 50, 74, 87~8, 240 neighborhood edects on, 111 educational attainment, 135, 136-137 income, 16~169, 197-198, 204, 208, 230 parental effects, 146 school effects on, 188n.1 racial composition, 148, 152-154, 16~167, 174

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From page 280...

... 280 social composition, 130, 131-132, 133, 140, 141, 154, 160, 174, 175 teenage sexual behavior, 131n.10, 164 W~lkes-Barre, Pa. SMSA boundaries, 57-58 Women employment, 4, 101,171, 198, 260 feminization of poverty, 74 income, 212n.26, 217 INDEX single mothers, 29, 31, 102-103 teenage pregnancy, 167, 175-176 Women, Infants and Children (WIC)

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Index Pages 271-280

Index
Pages 271-280