Recognition and Alleviation of Pain and Distress in Laboratory Animals (1992) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 1-9
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This book was prepared to help scientists, research administrators, institutional animal care and use committees, and animal care staff to address the difficult questions of the presence and alleviation of animal pain and distress. The authors believe that in most experimental and husbandry situations laboratory animals need not experience substantial pain or stress and that prevention and alleviation of pain and stress in laboratory animals is an ethical imperative.
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GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE BIOLOGIC IMPORTANCE OF PAIN, STRESS, AND DISTRESS The ability to avoid, escape from, or control pain and other inducers of stress and distress is critical to the survival and well-being of many animals (Phillips and Sechzer, 19891. Mechanisms that contribute to those abilities involve biochemical, physiologic, or psychologic changes and can be expressed behaviorally as homeostatic processes of adjusting to altered environmental conditions.
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An animal's response can vary according to its age, sex, experience, genetic profile, and present physiologic and psychologic state. Stress might not be harmful to an animal; it might evoke responses that neither improve nor threaten an animal's well-being.
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However, it is now known that physiologic measures of stress might not be highly intercorrelated. Differences among physiologic measures in their relation to eliciting stimuli, time course, and adaptive implications have led most scientists to conclude that stress is not a discrete, well-defined physiologic state (Moberg, 19871.
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The responses to potential or actual tissue damage are components of a complex experience that has sensory qualities and affective or motivational and emotional consequences. Injury causes biologic, chemical, or physical damage to tissue that is typically associated with pain and therefore is a potential stressor.
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The behaviors include simple withdrawal reflexes, vocalization, and learned responses ranging from guarding an injured limb to attempting to escape, avoid, or terminate a painful stimulus. The physiologic responses include those associated with an acute stress reaction, such as changes in blood pressure and heart rate and the activation of the pituitary-adrenal axis (see Chapter 4~.
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They include cage or habitat design, feeding routines, handling techniques, noise, odors, investigative procedures and techniques, interactions with humans, interspecies interactions, and nonspecific social interactions, including dominance-subordination relationships. Those and other undetermined stressors can interfere with animals' well-being, in ways that are sometimes manifested as an inability to express species-typical behaviors.
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in experimentation, testing, and educational projects involving animals. Chapter 7 reviews specific euthanasia techniques to be used at the termination of an experiment or when animals are in distress that cannot be alleviated; it also reviews the psychologic effects on personnel who carry out euthanasia and presents some recommendations to minimize the emotional impact on personnel involved.
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Note relationship between sensory discriminative component and affective emotional component. Sensory component of pain ranges from threshold to tolerance and then intolerance.
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