Recognition and Alleviation of Pain and Distress in Laboratory Animals (1992) / Chapter Skim
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6 Control of Stress and Distress
6 Control of Stress and Distress
Pages 85-101
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From page 85... ...
is not sufficient to maintain equilibrium and maladaptive behaviors appear. Users of animals are responsible for the prevention, alleviation, or elimination of distress.
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From page 86... ...
The sedation produced by phenothiazines differs from the state produced by barbiturates and opioids, in that sedation occurs without hypnosis and the effects produced in animals can be reversed with an adequate stimulus. In animals, adequate doses produce a quieting effect that includes sedation, ataxia, an increase in the threshold of response to environmental stimuli, relaxation
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From page 87... ...
They produce numerous cardiovascular effects through central and peripheral actions on the sympathetic nervous system and the CNS and direct actions on vascular and cardiovascular smooth muscle. The CNS manifestation is inhibition of centrally mediated presser reflexes, which reduces both vascular tone and the ability to respond reflexively to alterations in the cardiovascular system.
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From page 88... ...
could be used to alter behavioral patterns slightly and should be considered as adjuncts for the treatment of abnormal behaviors. Phenothiazines are useful in managing postanesthetic emergence delirium, especially after barbiturate anesthesia.
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From page 89... ...
Droperidol is incorporated with fentanyl in Innovar-Vet~ (see Chapter 51. Pharmacologic Effect Like the phenothiazines, butyrophenones exert general sympatholytic activity that probably accounts for many of their common properties.
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From page 90... ...
The preanesthetic administration of the benzodiazepines with ketamine provides good muscle relaxation and eliminates tremors produced by ketamine. oc2-ADRENERGIC AGONISTS Common Examples Xylazine (Rompun(~)
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From page 91... ...
After intravenous administration of xylazine in dogs, heart rate and aortic flow decreased, bloodpressure changes were variable, and peripheral resistance increased; there were no significant changes in blood gases and pH; atrioventricular block and nonrespiratory sinus arrhythmia were seen; and atropine did not alter the changes in cardiac rhythm. Cardiovascular changes in horses were similar, except that a transient increase in blood pressure was followed by a decrease.
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From page 92... ...
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From page 93... ...
Whether stress will lead to distress, with the appearance of maladaptive behaviors and physiologic and pathologic changes, and create a serious risk to an animal's well-being depends on the intensity and duration of the stress and the animal's adaptability. Rather than strive to keep a captive environment free of stressors, it is more realistic, and will serve animals' interests better, to try to identify and eliminate extreme forms of chronic or acute stress.
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From page 94... ...
Except for pain and illness, stress, and distress in captive environments usually result from some degree of encroachment of the six ecologic dimensions (described in Chapter 3) on species-typical needs and behavioral tendencies.
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From page 95... ...
or that normally lives in social groups (such as dogs, nonhuman primates, and most rodents)
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From page 96... ...
· Have changes in physical arrangements, caretaking, or experimental procedures that might reduce defensive reactions been considered? · What events or environmental conditions usually produce defensive Shelter .
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From page 97... ...
· Should feeding and foraging be facilitated by providing special opportunities, or can they be ignored without producing undesirable consequences? · Within practical limitations, is the established feeding regimen consistent with the animal's preferred feeding patterns, with respect to scheduling and the kinds and amounts of food that are provided?
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From page 98... ...
Nonhuman primates might receive the greatest benefit from socialization with conspecifics, but direct human interaction can be beneficial under some circumstances, especially for an animal that is immature and singly housed. A predictable cause of maladaptive behaviors in nonhuman primates is social isolation when they are young.
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From page 99... ...
Laboratory animals given the opportunity to perform species-typical behaviors may interact voluntarily with the enriched environment and participate in activities whose cessation could be interpreted as a change in well-being. Enrichment devices and environmental changes to promote well-being of nonhuman primates are being studied extensively.
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From page 100... ...
In those experiments, rats are usually maintained at about 80% of their ad libitum feeding weight, which is considered neither unethical nor excessive deprivation. Although novel foods might be used as environmental enrichment (Chapter 3)
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From page 101... ...
should be preceded by a series of brief introductions to the chair by a familiar person and rewarded by favorite foods either in the chair or immediately on returning to the home cage. Movement of animals to test chambers or laboratories should be preceded by several days or weeks of conditioning trips in which no aversive interaction takes place and food reward is provided.
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