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From page 343... ... Department of Defense C Calcium food sources and intakes by Americans, 7, 85-86 health relevance of labeling recommendations, 21, 187-188 infonnation currently provided on labels, 20, 196, 197 priority status as public health issue, 197 Calories descriptors of caloric content and body weight, 62, 233-234, 240 343 Read the entire page →
From page 344... ... 344 food sources and intakes by Americans, 1, 7, 77-78 health relevance of calories, 15, 159 information currently provided on labels, 15, 62, 159-160 Cancer, fat and cholesterol and, 16, 166 Carbohydrates analytical problems, 10, 65, 115-116 complex, 17, 65, 172-173 deficiencies in label requirements, 65 descriptors, 17, 175 food sources and intakes by Americans, 7, 80 health relevance of, 17-18, 172-174 information currently provided on labels, 17, 62, 175 in ingredient lists, 17, 67, 175 simple, 17, 65, 173-174 Carotene, see Vitamin ~ and carotene Child Care F6od Program, 151 Child nutrition programs, 151-152 Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 1989, 152 Cholesterol analysis for, 10, 1 16-1 17 consumer confusion about, 104 deficiencies in label requirements, 40, 65 descriptors, 170-171, 240-241, 232, 235-236 dietary recommendations for, 16~161 food sources and intakes by Americans, 1, 78-79 health claims on labels, 56, 59 health effects of, 16, 165-166 health relevance of, 1S-17, 160-167 information currently provided on labels, 167-171 priority status as public health issue, 197 role in the body, 162 Claims, see Descriptors; Nutrient contentlhealth claims Codes` Alimentarius rules, 315-316 College and university food services, 153 INDEX Commercial food service industry, see Restaurant foods Committee on the Nutrition Components of Food Labeling, charge to, 2-3, 41-42 Commodity Distribution Reform Act of 1987, 134 Congregate meals, see Noncommercial food services Consumer education health promotion through informational campaigns, 29, 26~267 obstacles to effecting dietary change, 30, 267 strategies for promoting dietary change, 29, 265-266 on use of food labels to make food choices, 30, 268 Consumers attention to nutrition information, 40, 100-102 attitudes and behavior, 8, 93-94, 144-145 audiences for nutrition labeling, 47 comprehension of nutrition information, 8, 60, 102-106 decisionmaking by, 8, 107-108 eating trends and attitudes of restaurant customers, 144 145 exposure to nutrition information, 98 frequency and prevalence of label reading, 100 importance of dietary recommendations to, 9 information processing and behavioral change, 97-108 knowledge of nutrition, 9~9S motivation and receptiveness to label information, 8-9, 93, 101 retention and retrieval of nutrition information, 10~107 sources of nutrition information for, 47-48, 95-96 see also Dietary patterns of Americans Read the entire page →
From page 345... ... , 26, 53, 233-247 for shelf labeling in grocery stores, 247-248 sodium, 19, 71, 185, 238, 245-246, 251 source of, 17B, 18(}181, 22() 224, 234, 252, 253 Dietary fiber analytical problems, 10, 115 deficiencies in label requirements, 40, 64 descriptors, 178, 232, 237 food sources and intakes by Americans, 80 health relevance of, 18, 17~178 Read the entire page →
From page 346... ... 346 information currently provided on labels, 18, 178 priority status as public health issue, 197 Dietary patterns of Americans and chronic diseases, 40, 42-44 conclusions from survey data, 87 data sources and interpretation, 75 87 Party acids factors influencing future changes in, 87-88 food consumption behavior, determinants of, 93-94 food sources and intakes, 7, 77-87; see also specific nutrients recommendations of expert groups, 43-44, 45 role of food labels in implementing changes in, 44 46 see also Consumers Elderly individuals, feeding programs for, 152 European Community, food labeling rules,8, 313-315 F Fat INDEX priority status as public heals issue, 197 reduced-fat and low-fat substitutes, 25 role in the body, 161-162 see also Fatty acids; Omega-3 fatty acids; Saturated fatty acids; Tram fatty acids components on food labels, 59, 64, 168 regulatory definitions of, 169-170 see also Monounsaturated fatty "ids; Omega-3 fatty acids; Polyunsaturated fatty acids; Saturated fatty acids; Trans fatty acids; Unsaturated fatty acids FDA regulation of nutrition labeling analytical problems, 10, 116-117 consumer confusion about, 104 deficiencies in label requirements for, 25, 40, 64 descriptors, 16, 46, 71, 170-171, 236-237, 241-242 dietary recommendations for, 16~161 expression of content, 69 food sources and intakes by Americans, 1, 7, 7~79 health effects of, 16, 162-167; see also specific diseases health relevance of, 15-17, 16~167 information currently provided on labels, 59, 62, 167-171 ingredient listing, 67, 167-168 action in absence of new legislation, 305 on baby food, 133 claims about nutrition and health, 4, 56-57, 59, 282 consistency win USDA requirements, 34, 30~301, 302-303 contents of food labels, 4, 284-285 current policy, 32~329 deficiencies in, 2, 53 descriptors for shelf labeling in grocery stores, 247-248 enforcement of, 53, 6~61, 64, 112 evolution of, 1, 4-5, 39~0, 55-61, 326-328 food analysis requirements, 111-112 format and sequence of nutrition label information, 5, 31, 584Q, 282, 284-285 of fresh fruits and vegetables, 31, 141-142, 285-287 health claims, 56-57, 59 implementation of, 5-6, 323-334 ingredient lists, 4, 40, 225, 304 legal authority to mandate labeling, 31, 57, 60~1, 281-287 marketing of substrate foods, 4, 324-326 Read the entire page →
From page 347... ... contents of food labels, 4, 55, 56-57, 281 deficiencies in, 3-4, 52 definition of labeling, 48, 54 false or misleading statements, 4 FDA authority under, 52, 53-54, 228, 281 foods covered by, 53 ingredient lists, 4, 55, 58, 66, 224, 225 prohibition against false and misleading statements, 55-56, 61, 281-282, 283, 287-288 recommended amendment of, 226, 230-231, 279-280 standards of identity, 322-323 USDA authority under, 280 withdrawal of authority from FDA, 57 Federal Meat Inspection Act deficiencies in, 3-4, 52 foods covered by, 53-54 labeling requirements, 32, 52, 224, 287 prohibition against false and misleading information, 287-288 recommended amendment of, 226, 279-280 USDA authority under, 228, 280, 288 Fiber, see Dietary fiber Finfish, see Seafood 347 Fish, see Seafood Fluoride, health relevance of labeling recommendations, 195 Fed Act, see Federal Meat Inspection Act Folate food sources and intakes by Americans, 7, 84485 health relevance of labeling recommendations, 22, 194 information currency provided on labels, 20, 196, 197 Food analysis for nutrition labeling AOAC and other official methods, 10, 110-1 13 difficulties in, 10, 109, 113-114, 135 FDA requirements, 10, 111-112 precision of methods, 109, 111 selection and validation of methods, 113-114 USDA requirements, 10, 110-111 see also Analytical considerations Food composition data bases adequacy of, as a source of nutrient information, 10-11, 119, 137-140 for fruits and vegetables, 139-140 for meats and poultry, 138 for seafood, 138-139 USDA National Nutrition Data Bank, 1~11, 13, 119, 137-138 Food and Drug Administration, see FDA regulation of nutrition labeling Food energy, see Calories Food labeling reforms adopted in 1970s, 39~0 contextual factors affecting, see Consumers; Dietary patterns of Americans; Food marketing fruits and vegetables, 33, 293 implementation if Congress fails to act, 304 306 meats and poultry, 33, 293-294 noncommercial food services, 151-153 restaurant foods, 33, 294 Read the entire page →
From page 348... ... 348 seafood, 294 see also Costs of nutrition labeling reform; Legislative reforms Food marketing food processing, 89-90 food retailing, 9~91 food standards and, 334-336 nutrition and labeling considerations, 91-92 world trade, 8, 89 Food Marketing Institute, 93-94, 100 Food processing industry, 89-90 Food service operations FDA regulatory authority over, 60-61 see also Noncommercial food services; Restaurant foods Food standards, see Standards of identity Format of nutrition information/labels basic design, 298 clarity of information, 60, 102-106, 256 compatibility with existing labeling practices, 259 consistency in, 258 consumer preferences, 101-106 content information, 256; see also specific nutrients deficiencies in, 6-7, 71 descriptive (adjectival) display, 69-70; see also Descriptors experience with alternatives, 255-256 and food purchase decisionmaking, 96-108 graphic display, 70, 101, 102, 105-106, 224, 257-258 groupings and sequences, 70, 257 information processing and behavioral change, 97-108 modifications of standard format, 299 numeric displays, 5, 6-7, 28, 60, 69, 101, 102, 105, 224 process for adopting a standard format, 299-300 regulatory requirements for, 5, 31, 58-60, 62, 284-285 INDEX revised nutrition label information, 256-259 samples, 260, 262-263 selection of current format, 25~255 space requirements, 258-259 symbolic display, 60, 70 testing of, 29, 34, 105, 260, 264 typography and color, 70-71 verbal, 60, 105 see also Nutrition information panel Fortified foods, labeling of, 56-57 Fresh foods costs of labeling, 272-273 effects of storage, preparation, and cooking, 13~137 enforcement issues in labeling of, 142 food composition data bases as alternative to analysis of, 12, 137-140 heterogeneity of, and analytical problems, 12, 135 legislation on labeling, 293 overview of labeling issues, 12-13, 135 point-of-purchase nutrition information programs, 12, 14~141 practical problems in nutrition labeling, 285 regulatory jurisdiction over labeling of, 52 see also Fruits and vegetables; Meats and poultry; Seafood Fruits and vegetables costs of labeling, 272 data bases for, 139-140 effects of storage, preparation, and cooking, 136-137 FDA guidelines for labeling of, 141-142, 285-287 practical problems in nutrition labeling, 285 G Gallbladder disease, fat and cholesterol and, 16, 166-177 Read the entire page →
From page 349... ... INDEX H Health care facilities, food services, 153-154 Health claims, see Nutrient contentlhealth claims Home delivered meals, see Noncommercial food services Hospitals, see Noncommercial food services I Imitation foods, 57, 229-230, 231, 324-326 Ingredient information `'andlor" labeling, 6, 16, 66~7, 167-168 carbohydrates, 17, 67, 175, 226 consumer confusion by, 104 deficiencies in, 6, 66-67 exception to requirements for, 55; see also Standards of identity fats and oils, 167-168 format of, 24, 224-227 percent labeling, 6, 66 purpose of, 66 reforms in, 304 regulation of, 24, 46, 55, 58 on restaurant foods, 286 by weight, 4, 24, 226 Intermediate care facilities, see Health care facilities International food labeling Canadian criteria for descnptors, 249 Codex Alimentarius Commission, 315-316 descriptor use of, 247, 249 European Community, 8, 313-315 observations on, 316, 319 survey of provisions in other countries, 316, 317-318 Iron 349 information currently provided on labels, 20, 196, 197 J Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, 153-154 L Labeling coverage, see Fresh foods; Mandatory nutrition labeling; Noncommercial food services; Restaurant foods Legislative reforms advantages of, 33, 291-292 consolidation of labeling authority, 301 food sources and intakes by Americans, 7, 85~6 health relevance of labeling recommendations, 21, 188-189 content of labels, 34, 294-298 design of, 33-35, 292-306 disadvantages of, 32-33, 290-291 FDA and USDA authority to mandate nutrition labeling, 31-34, 293 format issues, 298-300 goals of, 292-293 implementing regulations, choice of, 301-302 ingredient labeling, 34, 304 institutional issues, 30~303 standards of identity, 304 state participation in standards setting, 303 timing of implementation, 303-304 uniformity of requirements, 34, 30~301, 302-303 see also Food labeling reforms Long-term-care facilities, see Health care facilities M Mandatory nutrition labeling baby food, 12, 56, 133-134 commodity foods, 134 exemptions from, 12, 132, 285; see also Standards of identity institutional packages, 134 Read the entire page →
From page 350... ... . USDA policies, 5, 62 see also Descriptors Nutrition information attention to, 10~102 comprehension of, 102-106 exposure to, 98 and food purchase decisions, 9~108; see also Format of nutrition informationllabels frequency and prevalence of label reading, 100 retention and retrieval of, 106-107 sources of, 95-96 Nutrition information panel clarity of, 256 fat declaration requirements (current) Read the entire page →
From page 351... ... INDEX format of, 58 - in, 69, 256 sample, 60 units of measurement, 257 o Older Americans Act, 152 Omega-3 fatty acids, health effects of, 117, 16~165 p Package size, and exemption from labeling requirements, 132 Point-of-purchase nutrition information FDA descriptors for shelf labeling in grocery stores, 247-248 legislative reforms in, 31-32 programs, 9,, 12-13, 46, 14~141 regulation of, 54, 285-286, 289 see also Fresh foods; Fruits and vegetables; Meats and poultry; Seafood Polyunsaturated fatty acids, 59, 161-163, 164-165 Potassium deficiencies in label requirements, 65 food sources and intakes by Americans, 81 health relevance of, 20, 185-186 information currently provided on labels, 186 Poultry, see Meats and poultry Poultry Products Inspection Act deficiencies in, 3-4, 52 foods covered by, 53-54 ingredient lists, 224 recommended amendment of, 226, 279-280 USDA authority under, 52, 228, 280, 288 PPI Act, see Poultry Products Inspection Act Presentation of nutrition information criteria for, 203 descriptors on principal display panel, 231-254 351 ingredient labeling, 22~227 reference units for declaring nutrient content, see Serving size standards of identity, 228-231 see also Descriptors; Format of nutrition information/labels; U.S. Recommended Daily Allowances Prevalence of nutrition labeling, 1, 6, 63, 283 Principal display panel descriptor presentation on, 231-254 nutrition information on, 59 sales promotion on, 8, 92 see also specific nutrients Produce, see Fruits and vegetables; Seafood Produce Marketing Association Nutrition Labeling Program, 140 Protein analytical problems, 117 descriptors, 180-181 food sources and intakes by Americans, 7, 81 health relevance of, 19, 179-180 information currently provided on labels, 19, 59, 68, 180 Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, 321 R Recommendations analytical verification, 11, 121-122 "and/or" labeling, 16-17, 18, 176 baby foods, 12, 133-134 calcium information, 21, 199 caloric content, 15-17, 19-20, 176, 181 carbohydrate information, 17-18, 175-176 cholesterol information, 16-17, 171 commodity foods, 12, 134 comparison with dietary recommendations, 260 data bases, 11, 13, 14, 121, 122, 143 Read the entire page →
From page 352... ... system, 1-2, 3 - , 39-40, 51-55 statutory authorities, see Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act; Federal Meat Inspection Act; Poultry Products Inspection Act uniformity in, 54, 64 see also Deficiencies in food label requirements; Legislative reforms; Mandatory nutrition labeling Restaurant foods attention to dietary recommendations, 13, 14~147 computation of nutrient information, 13, 14~147 costs of labeling, 273-274 dissemination of nutrition and ingredient information by food chain operators, 147 eating trends and attitudes of consumers, 144-145 FDA regulatory authority over, 6() 61, 285-287 industry characteristics, 13, 143-144 ingredient labeling of, 147-148, 2%6 legislation on labeling, 294 Read the entire page →
From page 353... ... , 151-152 Standards of identity deficiencies in, 4, 57, 228, 23~231 definition of, 6, 228, 320 FDA authority to establish, 228 FDA implementation of, 323-334 history of, 229, 321-323 imitation foods, 57, 229-230, 231, 32~326 industry views on, 229, 329-334 legislative mandate, 321-322 market impact of, 229-230, 334-336 options for change, 337-339 Read the entire page →
From page 354... ... RDAs) basis for, 5, 23, 45, 58, 68 comparison with RDAs, 218 deficiencies in, 6, 67-68 information currently provided on labels, 23, 21~220 presentation on labels, 59, 216-224 "source of" listings of micronutrients, 22~224 V Vegetables, see Fruits and vegetables Vitamin and mineral supplements, labeling of, 56, 57 Vitamin A and carotene food sources and intakes by Americans, 7, 82 Read the entire page →
From page 355... ... INDEX health relevance of labeling recommendations, 20, 190 information currently provided on labels, 20, 196, 197 Vitamin B6 food sources and intakes by Americans, 83-84 health relevance of labeling recommendations, 20-21, 193-194 information currently provided on labels, 20, 196, 197 Vitamin Big, 219-220 Vitamin C food sources and intakes by Americans, 7, 84 health relevance of labeling recommendations, 22, 191 Vitamins analytical problems, 10, 109, 117 355 information currency provided on labels, 20, 68, 19~197 priority status as public heals issue, 197 see also specific vitamins W White House Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Health, 57, 326 z Zinc food sources and intakes by Americans, 7, 86 87 health relevance of labeling recommendations, 195-196 Read the entire page →

From page 343...

... Department of Defense C Calcium food sources and intakes by Americans, 7, 85-86 health relevance of labeling recommendations, 21, 187-188 infonnation currently provided on labels, 20, 196, 197 priority status as public health issue, 197 Calories descriptors of caloric content and body weight, 62, 233-234, 240 343

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From page 344...

... 344 food sources and intakes by Americans, 1, 7, 77-78 health relevance of calories, 15, 159 information currently provided on labels, 15, 62, 159-160 Cancer, fat and cholesterol and, 16, 166 Carbohydrates analytical problems, 10, 65, 115-116 complex, 17, 65, 172-173 deficiencies in label requirements, 65 descriptors, 17, 175 food sources and intakes by Americans, 7, 80 health relevance of, 17-18, 172-174 information currently provided on labels, 17, 62, 175 in ingredient lists, 17, 67, 175 simple, 17, 65, 173-174 Carotene, see Vitamin ~ and carotene Child Care F6od Program, 151 Child nutrition programs, 151-152 Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 1989, 152 Cholesterol analysis for, 10, 1 16-1 17 consumer confusion about, 104 deficiencies in label requirements, 40, 65 descriptors, 170-171, 240-241, 232, 235-236 dietary recommendations for, 16~161 food sources and intakes by Americans, 1, 78-79 health claims on labels, 56, 59 health effects of, 16, 165-166 health relevance of, 1S-17, 160-167 information currently provided on labels, 167-171 priority status as public health issue, 197 role in the body, 162 Claims, see Descriptors; Nutrient contentlhealth claims Codes` Alimentarius rules, 315-316 College and university food services, 153 INDEX Commercial food service industry, see Restaurant foods Committee on the Nutrition Components of Food Labeling, charge to, 2-3, 41-42 Commodity Distribution Reform Act of 1987, 134 Congregate meals, see Noncommercial food services Consumer education health promotion through informational campaigns, 29, 26~267 obstacles to effecting dietary change, 30, 267 strategies for promoting dietary change, 29, 265-266 on use of food labels to make food choices, 30, 268 Consumers attention to nutrition information, 40, 100-102 attitudes and behavior, 8, 93-94, 144-145 audiences for nutrition labeling, 47 comprehension of nutrition information, 8, 60, 102-106 decisionmaking by, 8, 107-108 eating trends and attitudes of restaurant customers, 144 145 exposure to nutrition information, 98 frequency and prevalence of label reading, 100 importance of dietary recommendations to, 9 information processing and behavioral change, 97-108 knowledge of nutrition, 9~9S motivation and receptiveness to label information, 8-9, 93, 101 retention and retrieval of nutrition information, 10~107 sources of nutrition information for, 47-48, 95-96 see also Dietary patterns of Americans

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From page 345...

... , 26, 53, 233-247 for shelf labeling in grocery stores, 247-248 sodium, 19, 71, 185, 238, 245-246, 251 source of, 17B, 18(}181, 22() 224, 234, 252, 253 Dietary fiber analytical problems, 10, 115 deficiencies in label requirements, 40, 64 descriptors, 178, 232, 237 food sources and intakes by Americans, 80 health relevance of, 18, 17~178

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From page 346...

... 346 information currently provided on labels, 18, 178 priority status as public health issue, 197 Dietary patterns of Americans and chronic diseases, 40, 42-44 conclusions from survey data, 87 data sources and interpretation, 75 87 Party acids factors influencing future changes in, 87-88 food consumption behavior, determinants of, 93-94 food sources and intakes, 7, 77-87; see also specific nutrients recommendations of expert groups, 43-44, 45 role of food labels in implementing changes in, 44 46 see also Consumers Elderly individuals, feeding programs for, 152 European Community, food labeling rules,8, 313-315 F Fat INDEX priority status as public heals issue, 197 reduced-fat and low-fat substitutes, 25 role in the body, 161-162 see also Fatty acids; Omega-3 fatty acids; Saturated fatty acids; Tram fatty acids components on food labels, 59, 64, 168 regulatory definitions of, 169-170 see also Monounsaturated fatty "ids; Omega-3 fatty acids; Polyunsaturated fatty acids; Saturated fatty acids; Trans fatty acids; Unsaturated fatty acids FDA regulation of nutrition labeling analytical problems, 10, 116-117 consumer confusion about, 104 deficiencies in label requirements for, 25, 40, 64 descriptors, 16, 46, 71, 170-171, 236-237, 241-242 dietary recommendations for, 16~161 expression of content, 69 food sources and intakes by Americans, 1, 7, 7~79 health effects of, 16, 162-167; see also specific diseases health relevance of, 15-17, 16~167 information currently provided on labels, 59, 62, 167-171 ingredient listing, 67, 167-168 action in absence of new legislation, 305 on baby food, 133 claims about nutrition and health, 4, 56-57, 59, 282 consistency win USDA requirements, 34, 30~301, 302-303 contents of food labels, 4, 284-285 current policy, 32~329 deficiencies in, 2, 53 descriptors for shelf labeling in grocery stores, 247-248 enforcement of, 53, 6~61, 64, 112 evolution of, 1, 4-5, 39~0, 55-61, 326-328 food analysis requirements, 111-112 format and sequence of nutrition label information, 5, 31, 584Q, 282, 284-285 of fresh fruits and vegetables, 31, 141-142, 285-287 health claims, 56-57, 59 implementation of, 5-6, 323-334 ingredient lists, 4, 40, 225, 304 legal authority to mandate labeling, 31, 57, 60~1, 281-287 marketing of substrate foods, 4, 324-326

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From page 347...

... contents of food labels, 4, 55, 56-57, 281 deficiencies in, 3-4, 52 definition of labeling, 48, 54 false or misleading statements, 4 FDA authority under, 52, 53-54, 228, 281 foods covered by, 53 ingredient lists, 4, 55, 58, 66, 224, 225 prohibition against false and misleading statements, 55-56, 61, 281-282, 283, 287-288 recommended amendment of, 226, 230-231, 279-280 standards of identity, 322-323 USDA authority under, 280 withdrawal of authority from FDA, 57 Federal Meat Inspection Act deficiencies in, 3-4, 52 foods covered by, 53-54 labeling requirements, 32, 52, 224, 287 prohibition against false and misleading information, 287-288 recommended amendment of, 226, 279-280 USDA authority under, 228, 280, 288 Fiber, see Dietary fiber Finfish, see Seafood 347 Fish, see Seafood Fluoride, health relevance of labeling recommendations, 195 Fed Act, see Federal Meat Inspection Act Folate food sources and intakes by Americans, 7, 84485 health relevance of labeling recommendations, 22, 194 information currency provided on labels, 20, 196, 197 Food analysis for nutrition labeling AOAC and other official methods, 10, 110-1 13 difficulties in, 10, 109, 113-114, 135 FDA requirements, 10, 111-112 precision of methods, 109, 111 selection and validation of methods, 113-114 USDA requirements, 10, 110-111 see also Analytical considerations Food composition data bases adequacy of, as a source of nutrient information, 10-11, 119, 137-140 for fruits and vegetables, 139-140 for meats and poultry, 138 for seafood, 138-139 USDA National Nutrition Data Bank, 1~11, 13, 119, 137-138 Food and Drug Administration, see FDA regulation of nutrition labeling Food energy, see Calories Food labeling reforms adopted in 1970s, 39~0 contextual factors affecting, see Consumers; Dietary patterns of Americans; Food marketing fruits and vegetables, 33, 293 implementation if Congress fails to act, 304 306 meats and poultry, 33, 293-294 noncommercial food services, 151-153 restaurant foods, 33, 294

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From page 348...

... 348 seafood, 294 see also Costs of nutrition labeling reform; Legislative reforms Food marketing food processing, 89-90 food retailing, 9~91 food standards and, 334-336 nutrition and labeling considerations, 91-92 world trade, 8, 89 Food Marketing Institute, 93-94, 100 Food processing industry, 89-90 Food service operations FDA regulatory authority over, 60-61 see also Noncommercial food services; Restaurant foods Food standards, see Standards of identity Format of nutrition information/labels basic design, 298 clarity of information, 60, 102-106, 256 compatibility with existing labeling practices, 259 consistency in, 258 consumer preferences, 101-106 content information, 256; see also specific nutrients deficiencies in, 6-7, 71 descriptive (adjectival) display, 69-70; see also Descriptors experience with alternatives, 255-256 and food purchase decisionmaking, 96-108 graphic display, 70, 101, 102, 105-106, 224, 257-258 groupings and sequences, 70, 257 information processing and behavioral change, 97-108 modifications of standard format, 299 numeric displays, 5, 6-7, 28, 60, 69, 101, 102, 105, 224 process for adopting a standard format, 299-300 regulatory requirements for, 5, 31, 58-60, 62, 284-285 INDEX revised nutrition label information, 256-259 samples, 260, 262-263 selection of current format, 25~255 space requirements, 258-259 symbolic display, 60, 70 testing of, 29, 34, 105, 260, 264 typography and color, 70-71 verbal, 60, 105 see also Nutrition information panel Fortified foods, labeling of, 56-57 Fresh foods costs of labeling, 272-273 effects of storage, preparation, and cooking, 13~137 enforcement issues in labeling of, 142 food composition data bases as alternative to analysis of, 12, 137-140 heterogeneity of, and analytical problems, 12, 135 legislation on labeling, 293 overview of labeling issues, 12-13, 135 point-of-purchase nutrition information programs, 12, 14~141 practical problems in nutrition labeling, 285 regulatory jurisdiction over labeling of, 52 see also Fruits and vegetables; Meats and poultry; Seafood Fruits and vegetables costs of labeling, 272 data bases for, 139-140 effects of storage, preparation, and cooking, 136-137 FDA guidelines for labeling of, 141-142, 285-287 practical problems in nutrition labeling, 285 G Gallbladder disease, fat and cholesterol and, 16, 166-177

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From page 349...

... INDEX H Health care facilities, food services, 153-154 Health claims, see Nutrient contentlhealth claims Home delivered meals, see Noncommercial food services Hospitals, see Noncommercial food services I Imitation foods, 57, 229-230, 231, 324-326 Ingredient information `'andlor" labeling, 6, 16, 66~7, 167-168 carbohydrates, 17, 67, 175, 226 consumer confusion by, 104 deficiencies in, 6, 66-67 exception to requirements for, 55; see also Standards of identity fats and oils, 167-168 format of, 24, 224-227 percent labeling, 6, 66 purpose of, 66 reforms in, 304 regulation of, 24, 46, 55, 58 on restaurant foods, 286 by weight, 4, 24, 226 Intermediate care facilities, see Health care facilities International food labeling Canadian criteria for descnptors, 249 Codex Alimentarius Commission, 315-316 descriptor use of, 247, 249 European Community, 8, 313-315 observations on, 316, 319 survey of provisions in other countries, 316, 317-318 Iron 349 information currently provided on labels, 20, 196, 197 J Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, 153-154 L Labeling coverage, see Fresh foods; Mandatory nutrition labeling; Noncommercial food services; Restaurant foods Legislative reforms advantages of, 33, 291-292 consolidation of labeling authority, 301 food sources and intakes by Americans, 7, 85~6 health relevance of labeling recommendations, 21, 188-189 content of labels, 34, 294-298 design of, 33-35, 292-306 disadvantages of, 32-33, 290-291 FDA and USDA authority to mandate nutrition labeling, 31-34, 293 format issues, 298-300 goals of, 292-293 implementing regulations, choice of, 301-302 ingredient labeling, 34, 304 institutional issues, 30~303 standards of identity, 304 state participation in standards setting, 303 timing of implementation, 303-304 uniformity of requirements, 34, 30~301, 302-303 see also Food labeling reforms Long-term-care facilities, see Health care facilities M Mandatory nutrition labeling baby food, 12, 56, 133-134 commodity foods, 134 exemptions from, 12, 132, 285; see also Standards of identity institutional packages, 134

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From page 350...

... . USDA policies, 5, 62 see also Descriptors Nutrition information attention to, 10~102 comprehension of, 102-106 exposure to, 98 and food purchase decisions, 9~108; see also Format of nutrition informationllabels frequency and prevalence of label reading, 100 retention and retrieval of, 106-107 sources of, 95-96 Nutrition information panel clarity of, 256 fat declaration requirements (current)

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From page 351...

... INDEX format of, 58 - in, 69, 256 sample, 60 units of measurement, 257 o Older Americans Act, 152 Omega-3 fatty acids, health effects of, 117, 16~165 p Package size, and exemption from labeling requirements, 132 Point-of-purchase nutrition information FDA descriptors for shelf labeling in grocery stores, 247-248 legislative reforms in, 31-32 programs, 9,, 12-13, 46, 14~141 regulation of, 54, 285-286, 289 see also Fresh foods; Fruits and vegetables; Meats and poultry; Seafood Polyunsaturated fatty acids, 59, 161-163, 164-165 Potassium deficiencies in label requirements, 65 food sources and intakes by Americans, 81 health relevance of, 20, 185-186 information currently provided on labels, 186 Poultry, see Meats and poultry Poultry Products Inspection Act deficiencies in, 3-4, 52 foods covered by, 53-54 ingredient lists, 224 recommended amendment of, 226, 279-280 USDA authority under, 52, 228, 280, 288 PPI Act, see Poultry Products Inspection Act Presentation of nutrition information criteria for, 203 descriptors on principal display panel, 231-254 351 ingredient labeling, 22~227 reference units for declaring nutrient content, see Serving size standards of identity, 228-231 see also Descriptors; Format of nutrition information/labels; U.S. Recommended Daily Allowances Prevalence of nutrition labeling, 1, 6, 63, 283 Principal display panel descriptor presentation on, 231-254 nutrition information on, 59 sales promotion on, 8, 92 see also specific nutrients Produce, see Fruits and vegetables; Seafood Produce Marketing Association Nutrition Labeling Program, 140 Protein analytical problems, 117 descriptors, 180-181 food sources and intakes by Americans, 7, 81 health relevance of, 19, 179-180 information currently provided on labels, 19, 59, 68, 180 Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, 321 R Recommendations analytical verification, 11, 121-122 "and/or" labeling, 16-17, 18, 176 baby foods, 12, 133-134 calcium information, 21, 199 caloric content, 15-17, 19-20, 176, 181 carbohydrate information, 17-18, 175-176 cholesterol information, 16-17, 171 commodity foods, 12, 134 comparison with dietary recommendations, 260 data bases, 11, 13, 14, 121, 122, 143

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From page 352...

... system, 1-2, 3 - , 39-40, 51-55 statutory authorities, see Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act; Federal Meat Inspection Act; Poultry Products Inspection Act uniformity in, 54, 64 see also Deficiencies in food label requirements; Legislative reforms; Mandatory nutrition labeling Restaurant foods attention to dietary recommendations, 13, 14~147 computation of nutrient information, 13, 14~147 costs of labeling, 273-274 dissemination of nutrition and ingredient information by food chain operators, 147 eating trends and attitudes of consumers, 144-145 FDA regulatory authority over, 6() 61, 285-287 industry characteristics, 13, 143-144 ingredient labeling of, 147-148, 2%6 legislation on labeling, 294

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From page 353...

... , 151-152 Standards of identity deficiencies in, 4, 57, 228, 23~231 definition of, 6, 228, 320 FDA authority to establish, 228 FDA implementation of, 323-334 history of, 229, 321-323 imitation foods, 57, 229-230, 231, 32~326 industry views on, 229, 329-334 legislative mandate, 321-322 market impact of, 229-230, 334-336 options for change, 337-339

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From page 354...

... RDAs) basis for, 5, 23, 45, 58, 68 comparison with RDAs, 218 deficiencies in, 6, 67-68 information currently provided on labels, 23, 21~220 presentation on labels, 59, 216-224 "source of" listings of micronutrients, 22~224 V Vegetables, see Fruits and vegetables Vitamin and mineral supplements, labeling of, 56, 57 Vitamin A and carotene food sources and intakes by Americans, 7, 82

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From page 355...

... INDEX health relevance of labeling recommendations, 20, 190 information currently provided on labels, 20, 196, 197 Vitamin B6 food sources and intakes by Americans, 83-84 health relevance of labeling recommendations, 20-21, 193-194 information currently provided on labels, 20, 196, 197 Vitamin Big, 219-220 Vitamin C food sources and intakes by Americans, 7, 84 health relevance of labeling recommendations, 22, 191 Vitamins analytical problems, 10, 109, 117 355 information currency provided on labels, 20, 68, 19~197 priority status as public heals issue, 197 see also specific vitamins W White House Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Health, 57, 326 z Zinc food sources and intakes by Americans, 7, 86 87 health relevance of labeling recommendations, 195-196

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Index Pages 343-356

Index
Pages 343-356