Nutrition During Lactation (1991) / Chapter Skim
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10 Research Recommendations
10 Research Recommendations
Pages 236-246
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From page 236... ...
To implement the subcommittee's recommendations for breastfeeding, it is desirable to know much more about the determinants of breastfeeding. To investigate the effects of maternal nutrition on the milk, the infant, and the mother herself, much more information is needed on the interactions between milk production, infant demand, and maternal nutrient intake and stores, as well as on the transfer of nutrients from mother to milk and the factors regulating this process.
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From page 237... ...
Maternal Nutrition and Lactation Performance · Intervention studies of improved design and technical sophistication are needed to investigate the effects of maternal diet and nutritional status on milk volume; milk composition; infant nutritional status, growth, and health; and maternal health. The nursing dyed (the mother and her infant)
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From page 238... ...
Although such deficient diets are not common in the United States, identification of the level of energy intake that is too low to support lactation will be useful in establishing guidelines for women who want to breastfeed but also want to restrict their energy intake to lose weight. Although chronically low energy intakes by women in disadvantaged populations may not be completely analogous to acute energy restriction among otherwise wellnourished women, ethical considerations limit the kinds of investigations that could directly address the influence of energy restriction.
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From page 239... ...
If the nutritional status of the mother alters the levels or functions of those defense agents in human milk, it would be important to investigate how low dietary intake by the mother influences the recipient infant's risk for infectious diseases compared with that of breastfed infants of well-nourished mothers, as well as that of formula-fed infants. If relationships between maternal diet and infant risk are found, studies are warranted to investigate whether nutritional supplementation of the mother corrects the problem.
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From page 240... ...
Current data are limited to a few very small studies. Knowledge of beliefs, attitudes, and situational factors is necessary for both breastfeeding promotion and effective nutritional counseling of lactating women.
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From page 241... ...
Current infant growth charts were developed using data derived from infants who were primarily formula fed during a period when infant-feeding practices differed considerably from those in use today. Evidence from several studies suggests that growth rates of infants breastfed on demand differ from those illustrated on available growth charts.
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From page 242... ...
This information is particularly important among subpopulations, such as ethnic minorities, many of which have higher mortality rates than the population at large. Use of Substances · The potential influence of maternal smoking and moderate alcohol and coffee consumption on milk production, composition, and infant health requires further investigation.
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From page 243... ...
Long-Term Health of the Recipient of Human Milk · Long-term studies should be conducted to determine whether breastfeeding protects against chronic conditions that first become apparent in later life. These conditions include atopic disorders; type I diabetes mellitus; obesity; atherosclerosis, hypertension, and other chronic cardiovascular diseases; inflammatory bowel disease; and lymphoma and other malignancies.
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From page 244... ...
Consequently, there is incomplete understanding of adjustments that may be necessary during lactation in the clinical management of those conditions. Surveys and detailed metabolic studies of specific populations are indicated to determine the extent to which current infant feeding recommendations apply to this group of women.
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From page 245... ...
Lactation's effects on maternal weight status is of particular short- and long-term interest. Given current recommendations regarding breastfeeding and the physiologic changes associated with lactation, a more thorough examination of maternal outcomes is central to the implementation of current policy and to helping women make fully informed choices.
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