Nutrition During Lactation (1991) / Chapter Skim
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3 Who Breastfeeds in the United States?
3 Who Breastfeeds in the United States?
Pages 28-49
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From page 28... ...
These demographic data can also suggest the best ways to present information on nutrition during lactation to reach target audiences as a part of a national effort to increase rates of breastfeeding in the United States (DHHS, 1984~. In this discussion, the incidence of breastfeeding in the hospital or within the first week of life is used to indicate the percentage of women who initiated breastfeeding.
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From page 29... ...
Examples of alternative feeding practices, such as the use of wet nurses or human mild substitutes, occur throughout recorded history (Fildes, 1986~. The early twentieth century was marked, however, by an unprecedented increase in formula feeding, in part because the development of nutrition science coincided with a pervasive increase in the value placed on scientific products and processes (Rosenberg, 1976; Starr, 19821.
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From page 30... ...
Reflecting broader cultural values, many women adopted natural childbirth and, with it, what they considered natural infant feeding. The upward trend in breastfeeding after 1972 appeared to peak in 1982 at about 61% for initiation and 40% for the percentage of mothers breastfeeding 3 months or longer.
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From page 31... ...
The subcommittee considers the Ross Laboratories data to be the more reliable source. Those data are collected quarterly, and annual rates are computed from a nationally representative sample of mothers of 6-month-old infants.
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From page 32... ...
Forty percent of white mothers who initiated breastfeeding were still breastfeeding at 5 or 6 months, compared with approximately 30% of black or Hispanic mothers. A breakdown of these data by parity indicates that, except among Hispanics, primiparous and multiparous women initiate breastfeeding at about the same rates, but the former breastfeed for a shorter duration.
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From page 33... ...
census region New England Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central South Atlantic East South Central West South Central Mountain Pacific New- 5-6 mo New- 5-6 mo New- 5-6 mo New- 5-6 ma bores Infants bores Infants bores Infants bores Infants 7.0 48.4 15.0 49.9 13.2 47.2 16.5 18.8 8.6 13.5 3.6 35.3 6.9 19.4 4.7 46.9 12.6 29.9 9.4 56.2 19.5 35.4 13.6 57.6 23.4 35.6 14.3 53.9 24.4 17.6 41.1 5.5 12.2 42.6 66.5 12.2 23.4 28.8 7.9 36.7 9.4 14.5 4.3 35.3 10.3 44.0 13.5 49.0 15.2 23.5 7.3 47.2 13.0 54.7 20.4 57.7 22.3 31.7 8.7 52.6 16.5 66.3 27.6 67.8 28.7 42.8 14.5 65.4 23.0 50.8 10.2 59.4 23.0 51.0 23.1 52.2 20.3 53.2 47.4 18.4 52.4 47.6 18.1 53.2 55.9 19.9 58.2 43.8 14.8 53.8 37.9 12.4 45.1 46.0 14.7 56.2 70.2 30.4 74.9 70.3 28.7 76.7 54.8 10.8 63.8 25.5 58.7 27.5 21.4 21.8 20.7 20.7 18.7 15.0 18.4 33.0 33.4 30.6 6.9 26.0 6.6 19.3 7.2 35.6 5.0 30.6 9.7 21.0 7.2 27.7 7.9 19.6 5.7 14.2 3.7 14.5 3.8 31.5 11.0 43.9 15.0 50.4 59.4 46.0 9.5 17.7 16.7 47.6 14.9 41.4 10.8 46.2 12.6 50.8 22.8 48.0 13.8 23.5 5.0 39.2 11.4 53.9 18.2 58.5 19.7 aMothers were surveyed when their infants were 6 months of age. They were asked to recall the method of feeding the infant when in the hospital, at age 1 week, at months 1 through 5, and on the day preceding completion of the survey.
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From page 36... ...
The demographic patterns observed in this group are the same as those in the general population: higher rates of breastfeeding are reported for white women, older women, and those with some college education. Except for the Ross Laboratories data, there are only sparse data on breastfeeding rates among the national WIC population.
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From page 37... ...
These include Hispanics, Southeast Asians, and working mothers. Hispanic Mothers There are no nationwide data on recent trends in breastfeeding incidence and duration among Hispanic women because, until recently, the percentage of Hispanic women in nationwide surveys has been too small for analysis.
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From page 38... ...
attempted to make this comparison by using the Ross Laboratories data for 1987, but their analysis provides only limited information about the infant-feeding practices of women in the labor force (see Table 3-41. In that study, mothers were classified as "employed full time" or "not working" based on their response to a question on employment status when their infants were 6 months of age.
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From page 39... ...
At this stage, employed black mothers breastfed at the same rate as white mothers; this was higher than expected for black mothers, considering their generally shorter duration of breastfeeding. There are no data relating breastfeeding to prenatal employment or prenatal intentions to breastfeed.
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From page 41... ...
41 ~ ~ ~ oo ~ ~ ~ ~4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~4 .
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From page 42... ...
Using qualitative market research techniques in a study in California, Weller and Dungy (1986) reported similar responses from white and Hispanic mothers asked to characterize infant feeding practices, except that Hispanic women believed that (1)
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From page 43... ...
Mothers were asked to rank the responses they used to characterize infant feeding in order of importance. When the responses were compared within groups defined by ethnic affiliation and feeding practices (white breastfeeders, white bottle feeders, Hispanic breastfeeders, and Hispanic bottle feeders)
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From page 44... ...
These authors suggest both short- and long-term strategies for dealing with such barriers that would require economic commitments by employers or governments as well as the development of educational materials on breastfeeding targeted specifically at the problems of employed mothers. Adolescent Mothers The few small studies conducted on pregnant adolescents or adolescent mothers indicate that these adolescents may not differ substantially from older mothers in their selection of infant-feeding methods.
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From page 45... ...
found that 13- to 20-year-old low-income adolescents intending to breastfeed had more positive attitudes about breastfeeding than those who did not intend to breastfeed, especially if they had been breastfed themselves. Prenatal intentions were highly predictive of actual postnatal feeding practices.
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From page 46... ...
Such demographic variables as ethnic group affiliation, maternal age, and maternal education can largely account for variations in breastfeeding rates at the population level. However, infant-feeding practices reflect both personal and culture-specific ideologies as well as situational constraints.
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From page 47... ...
1986. Infant feeding practices of migrant MexicanAmerican families in northern California.
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From page 48... ...
1988. The National WIC Evaluation: evaluation of the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children.
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From page 49... ...
1986. Personal preferences and ethnic variations among Anglo and Hispanic breast and bottle feeders.
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