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From page 297... ... Activity level during lactation, 100 and milk volume, 6, 94 research needed on, 238 Adipose tissue, in lactating women, 201-202 see also Fat Adolescent mothers breastfeeding rate and duration of, 4, 33 determinants of breastfeeding in, 471 45 dietary intake by, 67, 70, 71 milk volume in, 87 Adolescents iron intake by, 229 vitamin A intake by, 229 Age and breastfeeding rate and duration, 32, 33 gestational, 86, 116-118 and milk volume, 87 and RDAs, 214 Agent Orange, in human milk, 178 AIDS, see Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Albumin, in human milk, 136 297 Alcohol consumption and infant health, 9-10, 176-177 and milk volume, 89 recommendations on, 15, 104 research needed on, 242 Alkaline phosphatase, in human milk, 139 Allergies in breastfed vs. Read the entire page →
From page 298... ... , development and physiology of, 83-84 Breast abscesses, continued Breastfeeding with, 169 Breast cancer, effect of Breastfeeding on, 10, 206-208 Breastfeeding beliefs about, 45-46 capability for, 10-11 current statistics for, 32-39 determinants of, 39-46, 240 exclusive, 3, 24, 37, 179 extent of, 24, 63-64 external constraints on, 46 frequency of, 14, 85, 104 health care in support of, 12-14, 240 history of, 28-32 lactation vs., 28 minimal, 25 partial, 3, 24, 37 reasons to support, 22-23 at work, 44 Breastfeeding duration adolescent mothers, 33 age and, 32, 33 black mothers, 29-30, 32, 33 current statistics on, 4, 32-39 defined, 24 determinants of, 39~6 employed mothers, 38-39, 40-41 geographic differences in, 35 Hispanic mothers, 37 marital status and, 32, 33 parity and, 32, 33 Southeast Asian mothers, 38 white mothers, 32, 33 WIC mothers, 36 Breastfeeding practices, recommendations for, 14 Read the entire page →
From page 299... ... , recommendations concerning breastfeeding and HIV, 171 Cereals, recommended daily servings of, 230 Child spacing breastfeeding and, 200 and infant morbidity, 166 and infant mortality, 174 Chloride, in human milk, 116, 129, 283 Cholesterol and atherosclerosis, 172 levels in lactating women, 54, 58 maternal intake and milk content of, 124 Chromium, in human milk, 116 Chronic illnesses, protective effect against, 168-169, 243-244 Cigarette smoking and infant health, 9-lO, 177 and milk volume, 88-89 recommendations concerning, 15, 104 research needed on, 242 Circumference measurements, of lactating women, 61 Cocaine in human milk, and infant health, 177 Coffee, effect on iron content of human milk, 176 see also Caffeine Cognitive development, and infant feeding method, 165-166 Colic in breastfed infants cigarette smoking and, 88 maternal diet and, 12, 168, 18O, 182 Colostrum, 115 vitamin E content of, 126 vitamin K content of, 126 zinc content of, 130 Committee on Nutritional Status During Pregnancy and Lactation, 2, 24 Read the entire page →
From page 300... ... , in human milk, 178 Dietary intake changes during lactation in, 62-63 data from nationally representative samples on, 64-67 data from nonrepresentative samples on, 65, 66-67, 68-73 data from various population groups on, 73 determination of usual, 62-73 difficulties in measuring, 62 estimated vs. recommended, 22~228 extent of lactation and, 63-64 INDEX longitudinal data on, 65 and milk volume, 5~ recommendations on, 12, 64, 66-67, 229-231 research needed on, 18 with restrictive eating patterns, 13, 15 see also Energy intake Dietary restriction, see Restrictive eating patterns Dieting, 13, 15, 104 Dioxins, in human milk, 178 Drug use and infant health, 9, 10, 175-176, 177 recommendations on, 15, 16, 181 EEczema, human milk and 168, 180 Educational differences, in breastfeeding rate, 30-33, 45 EGR activation coefficients, 158-159 Electrolytes, in human milk, 116, 129 Elimination diet, 12, 180, 182 Employed mothers barriers to breastfeeding for, 44 breastfeeding rate and duration of, 22, 33, 38-39, 40-41 determinants of breastfeeding in, 43 4~1 Energy balance, research needed on, 18, 238 Energy demands, of lactation, 213 Energy intake breastfed vs. Read the entire page →
From page 301... ... formula-fed infants, 167-168, 180, 182 Food guides, summarized, 229-231 Food supplementation, and milk volume, 94-98 Formula, supplemental and infant nutrition, 154 for slow weight gain, 16 G Gastric filling and emptying, in breastfed formula-fed infants, 165 Gastrointestinal infections, in breastfed vs. formula-fed infants, 166-167 Gastrointestinal maturation, of infant, 165 Geographic differences, in breastfeeding rate and duration, 32, 34, 35 Gestational age and milk composition, 116-118 and milk volume, 86 Glucoconjugates, in human milk, 133-134 Glucose level, in lactating women, 52 Glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity coefficient, erythrocyte, 56 Glutathione peroxidase in human milk, 139 and selenium, 131 Glutathione reductase activity coefficient, erythrocyte, 56 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, in ovulation, 198 Growth, of infant, see Infant growth and development Growth charts, 162-163, 241 Growth factors, in human milk, 138 H Health care plan, recommendations for, 12-14, 240 Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn, 156-157 Hepatitis B virus, transmission via breastfeeding, 169, 181 Heroin, use by lactating women and infant health, 177 Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 37 Hispanic mothers breastfeeding rate and duration of, 32, 33, 37 Read the entire page →
From page 302... ... formula-fed infants, 8-9, 16, 161-163, 179 cognitive, 165-166 gastrointestinal and metabolic responses, 165 long-term, 163-164 maternal nutrition and, 164-165 patterns of, 161-162 recommendations on, 15-16, 181, 241 INDEX Infant health, 3 long-term effects of breastfeeding on, 243-244 recommendations concerning, 16, 181 Infant morbidity, 9 allergies, 167-168 atherosclerosis, 172 chronic diseases with immunologic basis, 168-169 infectious agents in human milk, 169-171 obesity, 171 protection against infectious diseases, 166-167, 173 short-term, 16~168 Infant mortality abstracts of studies on, 252-260, 263-276 chronological list of studies on, 250-251 developing countries, 9, 172-174, 263-276 industrialized countries, 9, 172, 174-175 research needed on, 242 Infant nutrition copper in, 160 fluoride in, 16~161 folate in, 158 indices needed for, 239 iron in, 159-160 maternal nutritional status inferred from, 53 nutrient stores and, 154 recommendations on, 179, 18~181 riboflavin in, 158-159 supplementary foods and, 154 vitamin A in, 156 vitamin B12 in, 157-158 vitamin D in, 155-156 vitamin K in, 156-157 zinc in, 160 Infectious diseases protection against, 133-137, 139, 166-167, 173 research needed on, 238-239 transmitted via human milk, 9, 169-171 Insecticides, in human milk, 10, 16, 177-178 Insulin human milk, 138 lactating women, 52 Interferon-o~, 167 Iodine amount in human milk, 116, 131-132, 217 increment in RDA for, 217 maternal intake and milk content of, 6, 8 mean daily intake of, 223 Read the entire page →
From page 303... ... recommended intake of, 225-226 incremental RDA for, 217 intake by black women, 229 maternal intake and milk content of, 127 mean daily intake of, 71-72, 223 nutrient density for, 223 RDA for, 223 serum, 55 Malnutrition, and milk volume, 91-94 Manganese, in human milk, 116, 130 MAR, 65n Marijuana use by lactating women, and infant health, 177 Marital status, and breastfeeding rate and duration, 32, 33 Mastitis continued breastfeeding with, 88, 169, 181 and electrolyte level of milk, 129 Maternal health, effects of lactation on breast cancer, 10, 206-208 chronic illness, 244 obesity, 10, 201-204 osteoporosis, 204-206 return of ovulation, 10, 198-200 sexuality, 200-201 Maternal nutrition, see Nutritional status Maternity leave, and breastfeeding rate, 22 Mature human milk, 115 Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) , 65n Medications and infant health, 9, 175-176 recommendations on, 16, 181 Read the entire page →
From page 304... ... , in human milk, 114, 128, 129-132 Mineral intake mean values for, 68-70, 72-73 and milk composition, 6 research needed on, 18 Mineral supplements, recommendations on, 12 Minimal breastfeeding, 25 Molybdenum, amount in human milk, 116 Monosialogangliosides, in human milk, 133-134 N NAR, 64n National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) , 60 National Survey of Family Growth, 30, 31, 32, 89-90 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, 64-67 Native Americans, dietary intake of, 67, 70, 71, 73 Neutrophils, in human milk, 137 Niacin amount in human milk, 116, 127, 216 increment in RDA for, 216 Read the entire page →
From page 305... ... , 64n Nutrient densities, 4, 220, 221-223, 224 Nutrient intake, see Dietary intake Nutrient output daily, 213-214, 215-217 long-term, 214-220 Nutrient utilization infant nutrition, 154-155 during lactation, 99-100, 215 research needed on, 239 Nutritional monitoring, recommendations for, 16-17 Nutritional risk, identification of women at, 11, 17-18, 237 305 breastfeeding effect on maternal, 10, 201-204 and weight loss during lactation, 15 Oligosaccharides, in human milk, 133-134 Oral contraceptive agents and milk volume, 89-90 and vitamin B6 content of milk, 127, 226 Oral elimination-challenge trial, 12, 180, 182 Osteocalcin, serum levels during lactation, 204 Osteoporosis, 204-206, 225 Otitis media, 167 Ovulation, effect of breastfeeding on, 10, 198-200 Oxaloacetate transaminase activity coefficient, erythrocyte, 56 Oxytocin alcohol consumption and, 89 cigarette smoking and, 88-89 in human milk, 138 in lactogenesis, 84 p Pantothenic acid difficulty in measuring, 119 in human milk, 116, 128 supplementation of, 128 Parathyroid hormone, immunoreactive, 204 Parity and bone mass, 205 Nutritional screening, recommendations for, 12-14, 240 Nutritional status assessment of, 4-5, 50-62 biochemical measures of, 54, 55-57 blood lipids and, 54, 58 and breastfeeding rate and duration, 32, 33 � and milk volume 87 effect of breastfeed~ng on, 10 . Read the entire page →
From page 306... ... , in human milk, 178 Postpartum care, and breastfeeding rate, 22, 240 Postpartum period, variations in milk composition in, 115, 117 Potassium, in human milk, 116, 129, 282 Preterm infants and human milk composition, 116-118 and milk volume, 86 zinc and vitamin A in, 120 Progesterone in lactogenesis, 83 and oral contraceptive agents, 90 Prolactin cigarette smoking and, 88 energy restriction and, 92, 93, 96 in human milk, 138 in lactogenesis, 83, 84 and lipids in human milk, 121 Proteases, in human milk, 139 Protein(s) amount in human milk, 116, 122, 215, 280-281 body content of, 219 long-term demand for, 218, 219 measurement of, 122 metabolism in lactating women, 52 nonnutritive functions of, 132, 134-137 nutrient density for, 221 types in milk, 114, 121-122 Protein intake increment in RDA for, 215 mean values for, 68-70, 221 and milk composition, 122 and milk volume, 6, 100-101 RDA for, 221 research needed on, 18 Psychological benefits, 23, 242 Pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP) Read the entire page →
From page 307... ... , 174, 257, 258 Sulfhydryl oxidase, in human milk, 139 Sunlight, infant exposure to, 16, 155-156 see also Ultraviolet light Supplements, recommendations for, 12, 13, 15, 16, 227, 232, 233 Surgeon General's Workshop on Breastfeeding & Human Lactation, 21 T Taurine, in human milk, 122-123 T cells, in human milk, 137 Teenage mothers, see Adolescent mothers Test weighing, 81 Thermogenesis, during lactation, 100 Thiamin amount in human milk, 116, 126, 215 dietary sources of, 231 estimated vs. recommended intake of, 227-228 maternal intake and milk content of, 126 mean daily intake of, 68-70, 222 nutrient density for, 222 RDA for, 222 urinary, 56 Thioesterase, in human milk, 139 Thymic-dependent lymphocytes, in human milk, 137 Thyroid hormones, in human milk, 138 or-Tocopherol, see Vitamin E Transitional milk, 115 Transketolase activity coefficient, erythrocyte, 56 Triglycerides in blood of lactating women, 54, 58 origins in human milk of, 120, 121 Triplets, breastfeeding of, 83, 214 Tumor necrosis factored, in human milk, 138 Twins, breastfeeding of, 83, 214 U Ultraviolet light, exposure to, 13 and vitamin D content of milk, 125 see also Sunlight Read the entire page →
From page 308... ... difficulties in measuring, 119 human milk, 6, 114, 124-128 research needed on, 18 supplements, 12, 16 Vitamin A amount in human milk, 116, 125, 215 biochemical values in lactating women, 57 body content of, 219 increment in RDA for, 215 infant nutrition, 156 intake by adolescent women, 229 intake by black women, 229 intake by low-income women, 229 long-term demand for, 218, 219 maternal intake and milk content of, 125 mean daily intake of, 68-70, 221 nutrient density for, 221 preterm infants, 120 RDA for, 221 reserves of, 218 supplementation of, 125 vitamin B6 amount in human milk, 116, 127, 216 deficiency in, 226-227 dietary intake and levels in milk of, 8, 127, 226 dietary sources of, 231 estimated vs. recommended intake of, 226-227 increment in RDA for, 216 margin of safety in RDA for, 224 mean daily intake of, 72-73, 140, 222 nutrient density for, 222 oral contraceptives and, 127, 226 plasma, 56 pyridoxal S-phosphate (PLP) Read the entire page →
From page 309... ... recommendation concerning breastfeeding and HIV, 171 recommendation concerning breastfeeding and oral contraceptive agents, 90, 122 X Xanthine oxidase, in human milk, 139 z Zinc absorption during lactation of, 225 amount in human milk, 116, 130, 217 biochemical values for, 53, 55 dietary sources of, 231 estimated vs. recommended intake of, 225 increment in RDA for, 217 infant nutrition, 160 margin of safety in RDA for, 224 maternal intake and milk content of, 130 mean daily intake of, 72-73, 223 nutrient density for, 223 preterm infants, 120 RDA for, 223 supplementation of, 130 Read the entire page →

From page 297...

... Activity level during lactation, 100 and milk volume, 6, 94 research needed on, 238 Adipose tissue, in lactating women, 201-202 see also Fat Adolescent mothers breastfeeding rate and duration of, 4, 33 determinants of breastfeeding in, 471 45 dietary intake by, 67, 70, 71 milk volume in, 87 Adolescents iron intake by, 229 vitamin A intake by, 229 Age and breastfeeding rate and duration, 32, 33 gestational, 86, 116-118 and milk volume, 87 and RDAs, 214 Agent Orange, in human milk, 178 AIDS, see Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Albumin, in human milk, 136 297 Alcohol consumption and infant health, 9-10, 176-177 and milk volume, 89 recommendations on, 15, 104 research needed on, 242 Alkaline phosphatase, in human milk, 139 Allergies in breastfed vs.

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From page 298...

... , development and physiology of, 83-84 Breast abscesses, continued Breastfeeding with, 169 Breast cancer, effect of Breastfeeding on, 10, 206-208 Breastfeeding beliefs about, 45-46 capability for, 10-11 current statistics for, 32-39 determinants of, 39-46, 240 exclusive, 3, 24, 37, 179 extent of, 24, 63-64 external constraints on, 46 frequency of, 14, 85, 104 health care in support of, 12-14, 240 history of, 28-32 lactation vs., 28 minimal, 25 partial, 3, 24, 37 reasons to support, 22-23 at work, 44 Breastfeeding duration adolescent mothers, 33 age and, 32, 33 black mothers, 29-30, 32, 33 current statistics on, 4, 32-39 defined, 24 determinants of, 39~6 employed mothers, 38-39, 40-41 geographic differences in, 35 Hispanic mothers, 37 marital status and, 32, 33 parity and, 32, 33 Southeast Asian mothers, 38 white mothers, 32, 33 WIC mothers, 36 Breastfeeding practices, recommendations for, 14

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From page 299...

... , recommendations concerning breastfeeding and HIV, 171 Cereals, recommended daily servings of, 230 Child spacing breastfeeding and, 200 and infant morbidity, 166 and infant mortality, 174 Chloride, in human milk, 116, 129, 283 Cholesterol and atherosclerosis, 172 levels in lactating women, 54, 58 maternal intake and milk content of, 124 Chromium, in human milk, 116 Chronic illnesses, protective effect against, 168-169, 243-244 Cigarette smoking and infant health, 9-lO, 177 and milk volume, 88-89 recommendations concerning, 15, 104 research needed on, 242 Circumference measurements, of lactating women, 61 Cocaine in human milk, and infant health, 177 Coffee, effect on iron content of human milk, 176 see also Caffeine Cognitive development, and infant feeding method, 165-166 Colic in breastfed infants cigarette smoking and, 88 maternal diet and, 12, 168, 18O, 182 Colostrum, 115 vitamin E content of, 126 vitamin K content of, 126 zinc content of, 130 Committee on Nutritional Status During Pregnancy and Lactation, 2, 24

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From page 300...

... , in human milk, 178 Dietary intake changes during lactation in, 62-63 data from nationally representative samples on, 64-67 data from nonrepresentative samples on, 65, 66-67, 68-73 data from various population groups on, 73 determination of usual, 62-73 difficulties in measuring, 62 estimated vs. recommended, 22~228 extent of lactation and, 63-64 INDEX longitudinal data on, 65 and milk volume, 5~ recommendations on, 12, 64, 66-67, 229-231 research needed on, 18 with restrictive eating patterns, 13, 15 see also Energy intake Dietary restriction, see Restrictive eating patterns Dieting, 13, 15, 104 Dioxins, in human milk, 178 Drug use and infant health, 9, 10, 175-176, 177 recommendations on, 15, 16, 181 EEczema, human milk and 168, 180 Educational differences, in breastfeeding rate, 30-33, 45 EGR activation coefficients, 158-159 Electrolytes, in human milk, 116, 129 Elimination diet, 12, 180, 182 Employed mothers barriers to breastfeeding for, 44 breastfeeding rate and duration of, 22, 33, 38-39, 40-41 determinants of breastfeeding in, 43 4~1 Energy balance, research needed on, 18, 238 Energy demands, of lactation, 213 Energy intake breastfed vs.

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From page 301...

... formula-fed infants, 167-168, 180, 182 Food guides, summarized, 229-231 Food supplementation, and milk volume, 94-98 Formula, supplemental and infant nutrition, 154 for slow weight gain, 16 G Gastric filling and emptying, in breastfed formula-fed infants, 165 Gastrointestinal infections, in breastfed vs. formula-fed infants, 166-167 Gastrointestinal maturation, of infant, 165 Geographic differences, in breastfeeding rate and duration, 32, 34, 35 Gestational age and milk composition, 116-118 and milk volume, 86 Glucoconjugates, in human milk, 133-134 Glucose level, in lactating women, 52 Glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity coefficient, erythrocyte, 56 Glutathione peroxidase in human milk, 139 and selenium, 131 Glutathione reductase activity coefficient, erythrocyte, 56 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, in ovulation, 198 Growth, of infant, see Infant growth and development Growth charts, 162-163, 241 Growth factors, in human milk, 138 H Health care plan, recommendations for, 12-14, 240 Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn, 156-157 Hepatitis B virus, transmission via breastfeeding, 169, 181 Heroin, use by lactating women and infant health, 177 Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 37 Hispanic mothers breastfeeding rate and duration of, 32, 33, 37

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From page 302...

... formula-fed infants, 8-9, 16, 161-163, 179 cognitive, 165-166 gastrointestinal and metabolic responses, 165 long-term, 163-164 maternal nutrition and, 164-165 patterns of, 161-162 recommendations on, 15-16, 181, 241 INDEX Infant health, 3 long-term effects of breastfeeding on, 243-244 recommendations concerning, 16, 181 Infant morbidity, 9 allergies, 167-168 atherosclerosis, 172 chronic diseases with immunologic basis, 168-169 infectious agents in human milk, 169-171 obesity, 171 protection against infectious diseases, 166-167, 173 short-term, 16~168 Infant mortality abstracts of studies on, 252-260, 263-276 chronological list of studies on, 250-251 developing countries, 9, 172-174, 263-276 industrialized countries, 9, 172, 174-175 research needed on, 242 Infant nutrition copper in, 160 fluoride in, 16~161 folate in, 158 indices needed for, 239 iron in, 159-160 maternal nutritional status inferred from, 53 nutrient stores and, 154 recommendations on, 179, 18~181 riboflavin in, 158-159 supplementary foods and, 154 vitamin A in, 156 vitamin B12 in, 157-158 vitamin D in, 155-156 vitamin K in, 156-157 zinc in, 160 Infectious diseases protection against, 133-137, 139, 166-167, 173 research needed on, 238-239 transmitted via human milk, 9, 169-171 Insecticides, in human milk, 10, 16, 177-178 Insulin human milk, 138 lactating women, 52 Interferon-o~, 167 Iodine amount in human milk, 116, 131-132, 217 increment in RDA for, 217 maternal intake and milk content of, 6, 8 mean daily intake of, 223

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From page 303...

... recommended intake of, 225-226 incremental RDA for, 217 intake by black women, 229 maternal intake and milk content of, 127 mean daily intake of, 71-72, 223 nutrient density for, 223 RDA for, 223 serum, 55 Malnutrition, and milk volume, 91-94 Manganese, in human milk, 116, 130 MAR, 65n Marijuana use by lactating women, and infant health, 177 Marital status, and breastfeeding rate and duration, 32, 33 Mastitis continued breastfeeding with, 88, 169, 181 and electrolyte level of milk, 129 Maternal health, effects of lactation on breast cancer, 10, 206-208 chronic illness, 244 obesity, 10, 201-204 osteoporosis, 204-206 return of ovulation, 10, 198-200 sexuality, 200-201 Maternal nutrition, see Nutritional status Maternity leave, and breastfeeding rate, 22 Mature human milk, 115 Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) , 65n Medications and infant health, 9, 175-176 recommendations on, 16, 181

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From page 304...

... , in human milk, 114, 128, 129-132 Mineral intake mean values for, 68-70, 72-73 and milk composition, 6 research needed on, 18 Mineral supplements, recommendations on, 12 Minimal breastfeeding, 25 Molybdenum, amount in human milk, 116 Monosialogangliosides, in human milk, 133-134 N NAR, 64n National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) , 60 National Survey of Family Growth, 30, 31, 32, 89-90 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, 64-67 Native Americans, dietary intake of, 67, 70, 71, 73 Neutrophils, in human milk, 137 Niacin amount in human milk, 116, 127, 216 increment in RDA for, 216

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From page 305...

... , 64n Nutrient densities, 4, 220, 221-223, 224 Nutrient intake, see Dietary intake Nutrient output daily, 213-214, 215-217 long-term, 214-220 Nutrient utilization infant nutrition, 154-155 during lactation, 99-100, 215 research needed on, 239 Nutritional monitoring, recommendations for, 16-17 Nutritional risk, identification of women at, 11, 17-18, 237 305 breastfeeding effect on maternal, 10, 201-204 and weight loss during lactation, 15 Oligosaccharides, in human milk, 133-134 Oral contraceptive agents and milk volume, 89-90 and vitamin B6 content of milk, 127, 226 Oral elimination-challenge trial, 12, 180, 182 Osteocalcin, serum levels during lactation, 204 Osteoporosis, 204-206, 225 Otitis media, 167 Ovulation, effect of breastfeeding on, 10, 198-200 Oxaloacetate transaminase activity coefficient, erythrocyte, 56 Oxytocin alcohol consumption and, 89 cigarette smoking and, 88-89 in human milk, 138 in lactogenesis, 84 p Pantothenic acid difficulty in measuring, 119 in human milk, 116, 128 supplementation of, 128 Parathyroid hormone, immunoreactive, 204 Parity and bone mass, 205 Nutritional screening, recommendations for, 12-14, 240 Nutritional status assessment of, 4-5, 50-62 biochemical measures of, 54, 55-57 blood lipids and, 54, 58 and breastfeeding rate and duration, 32, 33 � and milk volume 87 effect of breastfeed~ng on, 10 .

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From page 306...

... , in human milk, 178 Postpartum care, and breastfeeding rate, 22, 240 Postpartum period, variations in milk composition in, 115, 117 Potassium, in human milk, 116, 129, 282 Preterm infants and human milk composition, 116-118 and milk volume, 86 zinc and vitamin A in, 120 Progesterone in lactogenesis, 83 and oral contraceptive agents, 90 Prolactin cigarette smoking and, 88 energy restriction and, 92, 93, 96 in human milk, 138 in lactogenesis, 83, 84 and lipids in human milk, 121 Proteases, in human milk, 139 Protein(s) amount in human milk, 116, 122, 215, 280-281 body content of, 219 long-term demand for, 218, 219 measurement of, 122 metabolism in lactating women, 52 nonnutritive functions of, 132, 134-137 nutrient density for, 221 types in milk, 114, 121-122 Protein intake increment in RDA for, 215 mean values for, 68-70, 221 and milk composition, 122 and milk volume, 6, 100-101 RDA for, 221 research needed on, 18 Psychological benefits, 23, 242 Pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP)

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From page 307...

... , 174, 257, 258 Sulfhydryl oxidase, in human milk, 139 Sunlight, infant exposure to, 16, 155-156 see also Ultraviolet light Supplements, recommendations for, 12, 13, 15, 16, 227, 232, 233 Surgeon General's Workshop on Breastfeeding & Human Lactation, 21 T Taurine, in human milk, 122-123 T cells, in human milk, 137 Teenage mothers, see Adolescent mothers Test weighing, 81 Thermogenesis, during lactation, 100 Thiamin amount in human milk, 116, 126, 215 dietary sources of, 231 estimated vs. recommended intake of, 227-228 maternal intake and milk content of, 126 mean daily intake of, 68-70, 222 nutrient density for, 222 RDA for, 222 urinary, 56 Thioesterase, in human milk, 139 Thymic-dependent lymphocytes, in human milk, 137 Thyroid hormones, in human milk, 138 or-Tocopherol, see Vitamin E Transitional milk, 115 Transketolase activity coefficient, erythrocyte, 56 Triglycerides in blood of lactating women, 54, 58 origins in human milk of, 120, 121 Triplets, breastfeeding of, 83, 214 Tumor necrosis factored, in human milk, 138 Twins, breastfeeding of, 83, 214 U Ultraviolet light, exposure to, 13 and vitamin D content of milk, 125 see also Sunlight

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From page 308...

... difficulties in measuring, 119 human milk, 6, 114, 124-128 research needed on, 18 supplements, 12, 16 Vitamin A amount in human milk, 116, 125, 215 biochemical values in lactating women, 57 body content of, 219 increment in RDA for, 215 infant nutrition, 156 intake by adolescent women, 229 intake by black women, 229 intake by low-income women, 229 long-term demand for, 218, 219 maternal intake and milk content of, 125 mean daily intake of, 68-70, 221 nutrient density for, 221 preterm infants, 120 RDA for, 221 reserves of, 218 supplementation of, 125 vitamin B6 amount in human milk, 116, 127, 216 deficiency in, 226-227 dietary intake and levels in milk of, 8, 127, 226 dietary sources of, 231 estimated vs. recommended intake of, 226-227 increment in RDA for, 216 margin of safety in RDA for, 224 mean daily intake of, 72-73, 140, 222 nutrient density for, 222 oral contraceptives and, 127, 226 plasma, 56 pyridoxal S-phosphate (PLP)

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From page 309...

... recommendation concerning breastfeeding and HIV, 171 recommendation concerning breastfeeding and oral contraceptive agents, 90, 122 X Xanthine oxidase, in human milk, 139 z Zinc absorption during lactation of, 225 amount in human milk, 116, 130, 217 biochemical values for, 53, 55 dietary sources of, 231 estimated vs. recommended intake of, 225 increment in RDA for, 217 infant nutrition, 160 margin of safety in RDA for, 224 maternal intake and milk content of, 130 mean daily intake of, 72-73, 223 nutrient density for, 223 preterm infants, 120 RDA for, 223 supplementation of, 130

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Index Pages 297-310

Index
Pages 297-310