Nutrition During Lactation (1991) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
1 Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
1 Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
Pages 1-19
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 1... ...
the effects of breastfeeding on the nutritional status and long-term health of the mother and (2) the effects of the mother's nutritional status on the volume and composition of her milk and on the potential subsequent effects of those changes on infant health.
|
From page 2... ...
Part of this task included consideration of the effects of maternal dietary intake and nutritional status on the volume and composition of human milk, the appropriateness of various anthropometric methods for assessing nutritional status during lactation, and the effects of lactation both on maternal and infant health and on the nutritional status of both the mother and the infant. APPROACH TO THE STUDY The study was limited to consideration of healthy U.S.
|
From page 3... ...
To the extent possible, this report includes detailed coverage of published evidence linking maternal nutrition, breastfeeding, and maternal and infant health. Because breastfeeding is encouraged primarily as a method for promoting the health of infants, considerable attention is also directed toward infant health even when there is no established relationship to maternal nutritional status.
|
From page 4... ...
Consequently, there is no scientific basis for determining whether poor nutritional status is a problem among certain groups of these women. To identify the nutrients likely to be consumed in inadequate amounts by lactating women, the subcommittee used an approach involving nutrient densities (nutrient intakes per 1,000 kcal)
|
From page 5... ...
Does Maternal Nutritional Status or Dietary Intake Influence Milk Volume? The mean volume of milk secreted by healthy U.S.
|
From page 6... ...
Does Maternal Nutritional Status Influence Milk Composition? The composition of human milk is distinct from the milk of other mammals and from infant formulas ordinarily derived from them.
|
From page 7... ...
Deficiency is not related to maternal intake. e Maternal intake is not the primary determinant of the infant's vitamin K status.
|
From page 8... ...
Providing solid foods may reduce the percentage of iron absorbed by the partially breastfed infant, making it important in such cases to ensure that adequate iron is provided in the diet. Growth and Development Breastfed infants gain weight at about the same rate as formula-fed infants during the first 2 to 3 months post partum, although breastfed infants usually ingest less mink and thus have a lower energy intake.
|
From page 9... ...
Public policy on this issue has ranged from the Centers for Disease Control's recommendation not to breastfeed under these circumstances to the World Health Organization's encouragement to breastfeed, especially among women in developing countries. In developing countries, mortality rates are lower among breastfed infants than among those who are formula fed.
|
From page 10... ...
Those data are provocative but of such preliminary nature that no definitive conclusions may be drawn from them. Although most lactating women lose weight gradually during lactation, some do not.
|
From page 11... ...
Thus, if breastfeeding rates increase among less advantaged women as a result of efforts to promote breastfeeding, it will be important to examine more completely the nutrient intake of these women during lactation. If lactating women follow eating patterns similar to those of the average U.S.
|
From page 12... ...
from the maternal diet to treat allergy or colic in the breastfed infant is not recommended unless there is evidence from oral elimination-challenge studies to determine whether the mother is sensitive or intolerant to the food or that the breastfed infant reacts to the foods ingested by the mother. If a key nutrient source is eliminated from the maternal diet, the mother should be counseled on how to achieve adequate nutrient intake by substituting other foods.
|
From page 13... ...
If that is precluded by the brevity of the hospital stay, an early visit to an appropriate health care professional by the mother or a visit to the mother's home is advisable. To implement routine screening economically and practically, the subcommittee considers it sufficient to continue the practice of weighing women (using standard procedures as described in Nutrition During Pregnancy [IOM, 19901)
|
From page 14... ...
that might interfere with an adequate diet? It is not necessary to obtain measurements of skinfold thickness or to conduct laboratory tests as a part of the routine assessment of the nutritional status of lactating women.
|
From page 15... ...
· Advise women who choose to curb their energy intake to pay special attention to eating a balanced, varied diet and to including foods rich in calcium, zinc, magnesium, vitamin Be, and folate. Encourage energy intake of at least 1,800 kcal/day.
|
From page 16... ...
Recommendations for Nutrition Monitoring The committee recommends that the U.S. government provide a mechanism for periodically monitoring trends in lactation and developing normative indicators of nutritional status during lactation.
|
From page 17... ...
Research recommendations concerning several of these issues (infant mortality, growth charts for breastfed infants, possible transmission of HIV, indicators of infant nutritional status) are contained in Chapter 10.
|
From page 18... ...
A1though chronically low energy intakes by women in disadvantaged populations may not be completely analogous to acute energy restriction among otherwise well-nourished women, ethical considerations limit the kinds of investigations that could directly address the influence of energy restriction. In supplementation studies, measurements should be made of lactation performance and of any impact on the mother's nutritional status and health, including the period of lactation amenorrhea.
|
From page 19... ...
Report of the Subcommittee on Nutritional Status and Weight Gain During Pregnancy, Subcommittee on Dietary Intake and Nutrient Supplements During Pregnancy, Committee on Nutritional Status During Pregnancy and Lactation, Food and Nutrition Board. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.