The Second Fifty Years Promoting Health and Preventing Disability (1992) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Cigarette Smoking
Cigarette Smoking
Pages 193-201
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 193... ...
For instance, in the United States, current estimates attribute about 21 percent of coronary heart disease, 82 percent of chronic obstructive lung disease, and more than 90 percent of cancer to cigarette smoking.28 In a(lclition, Abbott and coworkers, Bonita and colleagues, and Wolf and associates in three separate studies all determined that cigarette smoking was a significant risk factor for stroke, 3 3i although Himmelmann and colleagues failer! to finch such an association.~4 One of the reasons that modifying smoking behavior is an efficient 193
|
From page 194... ...
12 months following cessation is approximately that of the person who has never smoked.7 Cessation also slows the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) ,~i and Wolf has observed that ax-smokers quickly shed the excess risk of stroke that can be attributed to cigarette smoking.3i Reduction in lung cancer risk, however, is slower, and the ex-smoker will always have a risk for this disease between 1.5 and 2 times that enjoyed by those who have never smokec3.7 PREVALENCE The 1985 Health Interview Survey26 reported that 30 percent of adults in the United States were current smokers.
|
From page 195... ...
Evidence has shown, however, that the current rate of cigarette smoking is the most important smoking variable related to cardiovascular disease, including coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease (i.e., intermittent cIaudication) .~° In addition, Branch reported that cigarette smoking was associated with subsequent physical disability among a cohort of elderly mend The evidence also indicates that cigarette smoking continues to shorten life expectancy beyond the age of 50 and that it continues to predict lung and other cancers.8 lajich and coworkers determined that, among a sample of 2,674 persons aged 65 to 74 years, the coronary heart disease death rate of current cigarette smokers was 52 percent higher than the rates for nonsmokers, ax-smokers, and those who smoked pipes and cigars.~5 Moreover, Branch and Jette determined that never smoking cigarettes was the only personal health practice that achieved a statistically significant multivariate relationship with Tower mortaTity.5 Khaw and colleagues studied the predictors of stroke-associated mortality in the Rancho Bernardo study and determined that cigarette smoking was a stronger predictor of stroke mortality than blood pressure.
|
From page 196... ...
Therefore, it has been necessary to derive data regarding these effects from multiple risk factor intervention trials that have included cigarette smoking intervention or from observations of large cohorts over time (comparing quitters with never-smokers and smokers) .6 These data are limited in other respects as well: intervention trials are often restricted to men (e.g., the multiple risk factor intervention trials, and analyses have rarely focused selectively on the elderly.
|
From page 197... ...
For example, Ockene and coworkers used a three-hour training program to teach family practice and internal medicine residents patient-centered counseling techniques. After completion of the program the residents demonstrated a significant increase in knowledge and a perception of themselves as having more influence on their patients who smoked.~9 Formal smoking cessation techniques include group counseling with peer support, aversion techniques such as rapid smoking, and hypnosis.
|
From page 198... ...
RECOMMENDATIONS Those Over the Age of 50 1. Those older individuals who smoke cigarettes should be made aware of both the deleterious health effects of cigarette smoking and the many health and other benefits of quitting and should discuss the various cessation methods with their primary care physician.
|
From page 199... ...
3. Print, audio, and visual aids to prevent cigarette smoking initiation and promote cigarette smoking cessation should be made available to those who need them.
|
From page 200... ...
Health effects and control, Part I New England Journal of Medicine 1985; 3138:491-498.
|
From page 201... ...
Journal of the American Medical Association 1988; 259:1025-1029.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.