In the Mind's Eye Enhancing Human Performance (1991) / Chapter Skim
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9Hiding and Detecting Deception This chapter considers two broad questions: Can a deceiver be detected under conditions in which he or she is generally unaware of being suspected? Can a deceiver avoid being detected under those conditions?
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of communication. These channels, in turn, can be monitored by a detector's unaided perceptual processes.
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by college students. This situation represents a particular type of lie captured by Knapp and Comadena's definition (1979:271)
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or honesty. Observers are also asked to indicate the extent to which they are confident in making these judgments.
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one part of the body by another) , and more postural position shifts for deceivers.
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looking at versus looking away from the interviewer as an indicator of high or low involvement for honest subjects or as an indicator of stress for evaders, shoulder shrugs versus trunk swivels as an indicator of high and low stress experienced by deceivers (see Druckman et al., 1982:Table 4.10)
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as well as more negativity, than the deceivers who were less motivated. The motivated deceivers may think that they are using a safe strategy by not moving, which they equate with not revealing, but this strategy backfired for reasons understandable in terms of the concept of leakage.
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do no better than chance in accurately detecting deception: college students judge actual truthfulness more accurately than actual deception, while professionals are somewhat more accurate at judging actual deception than actual truthfulness. Despite the poor accuracy, however, both college students and experts indicate high confidence in their judgments (Druckman et al., 1982)
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distinction between negative and positive emotions with lying versus telling the truth; some types of lies are easier to detect than others; and some liars may be better at lying than others. Each of these explanations is an empirical issue that can eventually be resolved by research; until then, it should be possible on the basis of what is known to improve accuracy even for detecting the lies of strangers in fleeting situations, for uncovering subtle lies, and for recognizing skilled liars.
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"noise" (Druckman et al., 1982)
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judgment may not be viable under certain circumstances, e.g., a fleeting interaction with a suspected terrorist. Although there are no obvious nostrums to guide a detector in these situations, there may be useful ways to approach the problem (see next section on the role of analytical methodologies)
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inaccuracies)
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becomes feasible to test hypotheses about relationships, for example, between situations and observed behaviors. Analyzed over time, these relationships would highlight the influence of context (as varied situations)
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Display Rules Defined originally with regard to facial expressions, display rules are culturally learned "rules" for managing expressions. They serve to modify expressions in keeping with the demands of the social situation and may also reflect the cognitive processing that precedes the observed expression.
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differences between Arabs and Americans in their space behavior and body orientations (see also Sommer, 1959; Little, 1968; Shuter, 1976; Baxter, 1970)
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predicted. The authors claim that these results are strong support for the view of universal facial expressions (although not for the species-specific learning versus evolutionary explanations of such agreement)
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The researchers suggest that future cross-cultural research assess the more subtle cues to arousal and anxiety that are more sensitive to cultural influences, such as types of smiling, symmetry of expressions, and tone of voice. Another study shows that vocal stress may be a sensitive indicator of emotions associated with deception, at least for the male Chinese subjects in their sample (O'Hair et al., 1989)
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are influenced by culture and context, but some components of emotional expression may be universal and independent of cultural overlays. Motivated liars are easier to detect than nonmotivated liars.
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Techniques developed for laboratory research may also be useful. They provide a structured and systematic approach to analysis for detecting deception in a variety of situations.
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been found to discriminate among deceivers, evaders, and truth tellers (Druckman et al., 1982:137) and to distinguish between deceivers sensitive to detector's possible suspicions about their deception and those not sensitive to suspicions in the Buller et al.
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DePaulo, B.M., M Zuckerman, and R
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Hendershot, J., and A.K. Hess 1982 Detecting Deception: The Effects of Training and Socialization Levels on Verbal and Nonverbal Cue Utilization and Detection Accuracy.
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Sommer, R 1959 Studies in personal space.
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