In the Mind's Eye Enhancing Human Performance (1991) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 171-190
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10 A Broader Concept of Deception Although laboratory studies of lying have produced interesting results, critics can point to many features that might limit their generality to "real world" deception. The lying is done by individuals who are not experienced at deception.
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state. Presumably, internal states that correspond to guilt can produce physiological and motor responses that may reveal the guilty state to a discerning detector.
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There are many examples of the varied types and contexts of deception. Many adolescent children have successfully "fooled" adults; some have gained notoriety as psychics or individuals around whom poltergeist phenomena occur.
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as research is surveyed, some categories will be found to include no representatives and many studies will be difficult to fit into any category. More broadly, a good taxonomy cannot be evaluated in general terms because its usefulness depends on the purposes of its users.
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distinguishing among deceptions: omission-commission; positive-negative; intended-unintended. The combination of these dimensions provide eight different categories of deception.
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includes misrepresentation (unintentional misleading) and deception proper (deliberate misrepresentation)
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position is that folk psychology should play no role since many folk beliefs about human behavior have been wrong. Trying to build a scientific psychology on the basis of folk psychology, according to this position, would hamper progress by starting with vague, contradictory, and almost certainly wrong beliefs.
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categories, benign fabrications and exploitative fabrications: benign fabrications include fictions and playings; exploitative fabrications include lies, crimes, masks, and unlies. Hopper and Bell add further organization to their taxonomy by looking for attributes or dimensions along which they can order their categories with respect to one another.
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FIGURE 1 Deception terms plotted in a two-dimensional space. Notice that the concept lie is located at the bottom right-hand corner of the figure.
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rating scales used. Some important dimensions in the folk psychology of deception may have been left out.
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the intuitive notion that some members of a category are better exemplars than others. Much of the early work supporting this theory had been done with colors (Rosch, 1975)
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possessed either one or two of the defining characteristics. Story (3)
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A Linguistic Approach Sweetser (1987) uses the data from Coleman and Kay's investigation to provide an alternative interpretation.
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subjects in an evasion (indirect deception) condition and those in a direct deception condition.
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Presumably, the underlying psychological state that gives rise to leakage corresponds to what is ordinarily labeled guilt, shame, humiliation, disgrace, or dishonor -- terms that refer to how people feel when they violate a social taboo. Everyone is raised within family and cultural settings that teach which acts are socially unacceptable.
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provides a starting point for considering extensions to more complicated and realistic interactions. The typical dyadic situation is one in which the two individuals interact and each adapts his or her behavior in the light of what the other person says and does.
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sender's enactments or the observer's clues, as is done in most laboratory experiments. By so doing, however, one may lose the essential features of an interactive situation.
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enough true information, along with disinformation, to ensure that the case officer is rewarded and promoted. In this way the case officer becomes even more dependent on the trustworthiness of the informant.
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same set of stories, with different stories hypothesized to produce nonverbal leakage for different groups. Our second conclusion about cultural differences has practical implications.
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Daniel, D.C., and K.L. Herbig 1982 Propositions on military deception.
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