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19 Introduction
Pages 157-170

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From page 157...
... These might include reducing emissions in primary energy production or industrial processes, transportation vehicles and systems, or agricultural processes. They might include policies aimed at reducing energy consumption or changing practices in agriculture, silviculture, or general land use.
From page 158...
... SOURCES OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS This section provides a very brief summary of the magnitudes and sources of greenhouse gas emissions in order to suggest targets for mitigation strategies and some indication of the magnitude of the effort required. It is not intended to be a critical review, but relies on the recent summary compiled by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1990, 1991~.
From page 159...
... , and rice cultivation CFCs, which are used to make rigid and flexible foam, and as aerosol propellants, refrigerants, and industrial degreasers Halons, which are used in fire extinguishers and as sterilants for some medical applications Agricultural biomass burning, including use of wood as a fuel and forest clearing Use of nitrogenous fertilizers and probably inadvertent fertilization through atmospheric nitrate deposition Generated from nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide emitted aThe greenhouse contribution shown is the fractional contribution to the greenhouse gas alteration of the earth's radiation balance due to atmospheric concentration during the 1980s. The percent contribution is based on data from the IPCC Working Group I report (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 19901.
From page 160...
... 10 65 130 150 (years~b NOTES: Atmospheric lifetimes are computed as the ratio of the atmospheric burden to net annual removal, which is estimated as emissions less atmospheric accumulation. Net annual emissions of CO2 from the biosphere not affected by human activity are assumed to be small, as are volcanic emissions.
From page 161...
... With a variety of greenhouse gases being emitted to the atmosphere, it would be useful to have a single index of the relative greenhouse impact of the various gases. This would allow comparison of the relative climatic benefits of mitigation measures that address the emissions of different gases or measures that reduce emissions of one gas at the expense of increasing emissions of another (e.g., if changing the working fluid in a refrigeration system results in a less energy-efficient refrigerator)
From page 162...
... CFC emission projection (from EPA) assumes no further controls beyond original Montreal Protocol; assumed average annual growth rate = 0.4 percent.
From page 163...
... relative importance of different gases will be a function of the time interval over which one chooses to integrate, with the short-lived gases appearing more important over short integration times. Evolution of such an index has occurred rapidly over the past several years, and a useful index of global warming potential (GWP)
From page 164...
... PART THREE: MITIGATION Cement 35 1% commitment to climate forcing from the instantaneous release of 1 kilogram of a trace gas expressed relative to that from 1 kg of carbon dioxide." The GWP has, in essence, units of degree years over degree years and varies considerably with the time interval of integration because of the different mean lifetimes of the gases. The indices of global warming potential for the most important gases are given in Table 19.6.
From page 165...
... INTROD UCTION TABLE 19.5 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Fuel Burning and Cement Manufacture in the United States (Mt C/yr) Total Solid 165 Gas Per Percentage of Liquid Gas Cement Flaring Capita Global Total 1950 696.1 347.1 244.8 87.1 5.3 11.8 4.6 42.5 1951 716.8 334.5 262.2 102.7 5.7 11.7 4.6 40.4 1952 698.0 296.6 273.2 109.9 5.8 12.5 4.4 38.7 1953 714.5 294.3 286.6 115.5 6.1 11.9 4.5 38.7 1954 680.5 252.2 290.2 121.2 6.3 10.6 4.2 36.4 1955 746.0 283.3 313.3 130.8 7.2 11.4 4.5 36.4 1956 781.9 295.0 328.5 138.1 7.6 12.7 4.6 35.8 1957 775.1 282.7 325.8 147.6 7.1 11.9 4.5 34.0 1958 750.8 245.3 333.0 155.8 7.5 9.3 4.3 32.1 1959 781.4 251.5 343.5 169.9 8.1 8.4 4.4 31.6 1960 799.5 253.4 349.8 180.4 7.6 8.3 4.4 30.9 1961 801.9 245.0 354.1 187.4 7.7 7.7 4.4 30.8 1962 831.5 254.2 364.3 198.7 8.0 6.3 4.5 30.7 1963 875.6 272.5 378.8 210.3 8.4 5.6 4.6 30.7 1964 912.9 289.7 389.7 219.8 8.8 5.0 4.8 30.3 1965 948.3 301.1 405.6 228.0 8.9 4.7 4.9 30.1 1966 999.7 312.7 425.9 246.4 9.1 5.5 5.1 30.2 1967 1039.2 321.1 443.6 258.5 8.8 7.2 5.2 30.4 1968 1081.0 314.8 471.9 277.4 9.4 7.6 5.4 30.1 1969 1132.0 319.7 497.4 297.8 9.5 7.7 5.6 29.7 1970 1165.5 322.4 514.8 312.1 9.0 7.2 5.7 28.5 1971 1173.2 305.7 530.5 323.3 9.7 4.2 5.7 27.7 1972 1227.3 310.4 575.5 327.6 10.2 3.6 5.9 27.8 1973 1275.4 334.0 605.4 321.7 10.6 3.6 6.0 27.4 1974 1231.1 330.1 580.7 307.9 10.0 2.4 5.8 26.4 1975 1179.0 317.6 565.1 286.0 8.4 1.9 5.5 25.5 1976 1262.0 351.6 608.1 291.3 9.0 2.0 5.8 25.8 1977 1269.7 355.6 641.9 260.5 9.7 2.0 5.8 25.2 1978 1293.4 361.2 655.0 264.7 10.4 2.2 5.8 25.5 1979 1300.9 378.7 634.6 274.8 10.4 2.4 5.8 24.4 1980 1259.3 394.6 581.0 272.5 9.3 1.8 5.5 23.9 1981 1210.6 403.0 533.1 264.2 8.8 1.4 5.3 23.6 1982 1116.9 390.1 502.2 245.4 7.8 1.4 4.9 22.5 1983 1149.4 405.5 500.1 233.8 8.7 1.4 4.9 22.6 1984 1187.5 427.8 507.1 241.5 9.6 1.6 5.0 22.6 1985 1201.3 448.0 505.6 236.7 9.6 1.4 5.0 22.3 1986 1204.5 439.7 531.1 222.6 9.7 1.4 5.0 21.7 1987 1257.5 465.8 545.3 235.0 9.6 1.8 5.2 22.1 1988 1310.2 493.6 566.4 238.6 9.5 2.1 5.3 22.2 NOTE: Emission estimates are rounded and expressed in megatons of carbon; per capita estimates are rounded and expressed in tons of carbon.
From page 166...
... SOURCE: Adapted from Table 24.1 in World Resources Institute (1990~. STRUCTURE OF PART THREE The following key questions are addressed by the Mitigation Panel in this part of the report: · Concerning the comparison of mitigation options: What technical and policy options are available to mitigate emissions and greenhouse warming?
From page 167...
... Because the gases have different atmospheric lifetimes, their relative importance changes with the time interval over which the radiative impact is integrated. CH4 is thus seen to have a large impact over short times, but it is less important over longer times because of its short lifetime.
From page 168...
... ~ · · ~ . - ~ .1 , ~ · 1 _ In addition, the potential emission reductions and the costs of 1mplementing such methods are quantified.
From page 169...
... The technical and policy barriers to achieving the potential emission reductions described in the previous section are discussed. For example, in many cases we can improve the energy efficiency with relatively short economic payback periods, and yet these energy measures have still not been fully implemented.
From page 170...
... 1989. A Compendium of Options for Government Policy to Encourage Private Sector Responses to Potential Climate Change.


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