Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming Mitigation, Adaptation, and the Science Base (1992) / Chapter Skim
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F Transportation System Management
F Transportation System Management
Pages 759-766
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From page 759... ...
The second step is to calculate the way in which solo commuters will redistribute themselves among alternative transportation modes in response to parking restrictions. This analysis assumes that the percentage of those who use bus, rail, carpool, or vanpool will be proportional to the current "mode split" (excluding pedestrians and those who work at home)
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From page 760... ...
As shown in Table F.3, the combination of these two measures would produce annual emission reductions of 49 Mt of CO 2 CALCULATION OF COST-EFFECTIVENESS A parking demand management program of the type described in this appendix would involve several types of costs and savings: · employees' out-of-pocket costs or savings from the use of alternative transportation modes (a figure that includes fuel savings) ; · employers' out-of-pocket operational costs or savings from parking management and provision of transportation alternatives;
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From page 761... ...
bApplication of mode shares from Table F.2 to 27 mill ion solo drivers affected by surcharges on parking spaces, 13.5 million of them continue to solo commute. CMultiply total new trips for each mode by CO2 emission reductions, compared to solo driving, from Table F.1.
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From page 762... ...
The second category employers' operational costsinvolves increased costs for running carpool and vanpool programs, offset by savings from avoiding the annual operating and maintenance costs of providing parking spaces for bus, rail, and some ridesharing commuters. The third category employers' capital savings represents the avoided costs of constructing parking spaces at an average investment of $3000 per space.
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From page 763... ...
This parking management program would eliminate the need for 16.9 million parking spaces, 9 million directly eliminated and 7.9 million freed when solo commuters shift to less parking-intensive modes. If only 10 percent (or 1.69 million parking spaces)
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From page 764... ...
With one-third fewer commuter vehicles on the road during peak hours (there are currently 48 million solo commuters in metropolitan areas of the United States) , traffic congestion will be reduced and travel speeds increased for all highway modes (solo drivers, carpools, vanpools, buses)
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From page 765... ...
765 a' Cal Cal o ._ Ct PA Ct o 4 Cal Ct ._ Cal o a' 5 Cal a)
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From page 766... ...
(Only the upper-bound and lower-bound cases are presented in Table F.7; the lower bound assumes a 20 percent increase in highway speed and values delays at $5 per hour, while the upper bound assumes a 5 percent increase in highway speed and values delays at $10 per hour.) Thus the total cost of this parking management program is as follows: Out-of-pocket costs (employers and employees)
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