Ecological Risks Perspectives from Poland and the United States (1990) / Chapter Skim
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Ecological Guidelines for Management of Rural Areas in Poland
Ecological Guidelines for Management of Rural Areas in Poland
Pages 249-264
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From page 249... ...
Realization of these goals requires: · understanding the relationship between structures and levels of agricultural production with respect to conditions of the natural environment; · changing the methods of planning for agricultural development to consider the costs of environmental degradation from traditional forms of economic development; · stimulating the introduction of new technologies which are supportive of longer-term functioning of agroecosystems; and 249
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From page 250... ...
Acid Deposition Lack of effective means for limiting industrial emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides leads to progressive acidification of soils. The National
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From page 251... ...
Intense farming contributes to decreased amounts of humus because of increased mineralization of organic matter, intensified erosion, or the leaching of water soluble organic compounds. Increased soil acidity will result in changing patterns of nutrient cycling.
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From page 252... ...
The report of the Committee for Food Technology and Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences indicated that the amount of mercury and cadmium in average diets is close to the health hazard limit (BaryLko-Piekielna et aL, 1985~. Groundwater Degradation Increased applications of nitrogen fertilizers have increased crop yields, but also have led to increased leaching of nitrogen into underground and surface waters.
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From page 253... ...
Because of a poorly developed network of water reservoirs (only 6% of the mean annual outflow can be stored in Poland) , considerable quantities of surface runoff waters are typically lost to the sea.
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From page 254... ...
Such efforts include increased use of agricultural chemicals, greater intensity of mechnization, and introduction of other elements of "modern" technology for intensive plant and animal production. Negative effects of these efforts often result from an inadequate understanding of ecological processes in agroecosystems, suggesting that current economic development guidelines are too simplistic and do not address natural laws of ecosystem function.
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From page 255... ...
These results indicate lowered retention of various chemical compounds in arable fields. The same study also indicates that increases in watershed plant cover can also control migration of nutrients.
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From page 256... ...
Interfield stretches of grassland and shelterbelts are biological barriers which can modulate the dispersal of venous chemical compounds or materials from arable fields. Analyses of the concentration of various ions in groundwater flowing from arable fields through adjacent forests or shelterbelts show a considerable decrease in nitrates and a smaller decrease in concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus Able 3~.
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From page 257... ...
In an analysis of water drained from fields having different cultivated plants, Borowiec (1986) showed high leaching rates of various elements under fields planted with row crops and maize, whereas lower leaching rates were associated with cereal cultivation (rIbble 4~.
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From page 258... ...
Plant cover also decreases soil losses by water erosion. Preventing soil loss by wind erosion is another problem for contemporary agriculture.
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From page 259... ...
259 Shelterbelts capture large amounts of incoming solar energy (because of low albedo values) and use nearly 90% of intercepted energy for evapotranspiration Amble 5~.
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From page 260... ...
OPTIMIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION Increased recognition of the natural laws of ecosystem function facilitates more objective evaluation of alternative technologies which seek to optimize agricultural production, nature conservation, and achievement societal needs at the same time. An agroecosystemic method of analysis is
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From page 261... ...
Ecological agriculture does not lead to a refutation of modern means of agricultural production, but to a more rational agroecosystem strategy which seeks to meet the objectives of food production and nature conservation. In conclusion, increased emphasis on ecological farming stems from the societal need to reduce environmental hazards in rural areas, and not from a desire to return to a less productive, traditional economy.
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From page 262... ...
1987. Industrial emissions and pathogenic activity and biotrophic changes in fungi with special reference to Upper Silesia and Cracow industrial districts.
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From page 263... ...
Natural and agronomic factom limiting eutrophication of waters in the agricultural landscapes. Zeszyty problemowe postepow nauk rolniczych 228:65-76.
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From page 264... ...
264 get H
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