Ecological Risks Perspectives from Poland and the United States (1990) / Chapter Skim
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River Water Quality Assessment and Management in Poland
River Water Quality Assessment and Management in Poland
Pages 315-330
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From page 315... ...
Average annual water resources in Poland estimated on the basis of atmospheric inputs and the number of population amount to 1,800 km3 per inhabitant, compared with 2,800 km3 315
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Water demands and wastewater discharges are shown in Figure 1. Available water volume compares unfavorably with the water demand anticipated in the year 1990.
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are only used as industrial water supplies and for irrigation purposes. Water-quality standards are tailored to meet appropriate use of surface waters.
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318 ECOLOGICAL RISKS TABLE 1 Examples of permissible concentrations of selected pollutants in surface freshwater according to the Polish Water Law. WATER CLASS PARAMETER UNIT I II III DO mg O/dm3 6 5 4 BOD5 mg O2/dm3 4 8 12 COD mgO2/dm3 40 60 100 Saprobic index oligo to betamezo to alfamezo betamezo alfamezo Chlorides mg Cl/dm3 250 300 400 Sulphates mg SO4/dm3 150 250 250 Hardness mval/dm3 7 11 14 Dissolved solids mg/dm3 500 1000 1200 Suspended solids mg/dm3 20 30 50 Temperature °C 22 26 26 N-NH4 mg NNH4/dm3 1.0 3.0 6.0 N-NO3 mg NNO3/dm3 1.5 7.0 15 N-organic mg Norg/dm3 1.0 2.0 10 Total iron mgFe/dm3 1.0 1.5 2.0 Manganese mg Mn/dm3 0.1 0.3 0.8 Phosphates mg PO4/dm3 0.2 0.5 1.0 Cyanides mg CN/dm3 0.01 0.02 0.05 Phenols mg/dm3 0.005 0.02 0.05 Lead mg Pb/dm3 0.1 0.1 0.1 Mercury mg Hg/dm3 0.001 0.005 0.01 Copper mg Cu/dm3 0.01 0.1 0.2 Zinc mg Zn/dm3 0.01 0.1 0.2 Cadmium mg Cd/dm3 0.005 0.03 0.1 Chromium mg Cr/dm3 0.05 0.1 0.1 TOTAL HEAVY 3 METALS mg/dm 1.0 1.0 1.0
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From page 319... ...
The shape of the curve depends on many factors, such as the degree of water pollution, the type of pollutant, hydrological characteristics of the river, its self-purification capacity, the distance between monitoring stations, and others. Figure 3 provides an example of the correlations between BOD, permanganate value (PV)
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Final interpretation is based on these hydrochemical profiles (Figure 5) , and the overall river classification is performed after all
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measured water-quality constituents are compared with standards. A compendium of hydrochemical profiles for major rivers and streams is prepared each year by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management which serves as an overall river classification system (Figure 6~.
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. ·,, 0.762 ~ a |
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the first class always corresponds to 75 points, with the respective values for second and third class always corresponding to 50 and 25 points. Additionally, the water-quality standards established by the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)
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This index is being used for the Vistula River basin. MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION AND MANAGEMENT MODELS Mathematical modeling of river systems in Poland has become an integral part of water resources planning and water-quality management.
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_ ~1 ~ m l _ . 380 1 l 1 1 2BO L1 43 _ 1 1 FIGURE 8 Hydrochemical profile of Klodnica River in 1980 (EPAC, 1979~.
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Still, in spite of their limitations, these models are the only reasonable means presently available for the prediction of water quality. WATER-QUALITY MANAGEMENT SUMMARY Processes of intensive urbanization, growth of population, intensification of agriculture, and the growth of industry have resulted in deterioration of surface water resources, despite the introduction of legal, technical, and financial measures for water pollution control (see Chapter 22, this volume)
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[n3 3rd I Cln~; StC~! l1 FIGURE 9 Hydrochemical profile of Klodnica River in 1985 (EPAC, 1979)
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The principal water~uality problems in Poland are related to: · effects of dams and other water management slouches resulting from phenomena associated with impounded water; effects of power plants, since the discharge of heat from cooling operations is considered to be a specific pollutant; · effects of municipal and industrial wastewater, including saline discharges from coal mines; and · influence of non-point sources, such as agriculture and urban stormwaters.
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~ ~ 1 — - ~ _ ~_ 1 — ~uc ~L~ I ~ I ~1 ~.~ FIGURE 10 Hydrochemical profile of Klodnica River in 1990 (EPAC, 1979)
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In view of this commitment, river basin oriented approaches, water conservation and pollution prevention approaches, and the restructuring of industry are clearly needed to assure use of the most cost-effective solutions to water resource problems in Poland. Water~uality improvement programs should be aimed at improvement of treatment methods, implementation of advanced treatment processes, recovery and water reuse in industry, and encouraging the production of biodegradable detergents and pesticides along with use of dry technologies.
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