Ecological Risks Perspectives from Poland and the United States (1990) / Chapter Skim
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Energy Use and Environmental Consequences in Poland
Energy Use and Environmental Consequences in Poland
Pages 374-386
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From page 374... ...
However, the model of consumption which has developed spontaneously in the United States and is now considered as a target model for many developing countries does not seem to be the optimum solution, particularly from the point of view of rational management of the environment. Without going into further philosophical considerations, it should be pointed out that rational change in a society's consumption model is one of the most significant factors affecting environmental quality over the long term.
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From page 375... ...
Ibble 1 presents current data on gross energy consumption (GEC) in tons of coal equivalent in Poland, the United States, and the world, in total, per capita, and per km2.
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From page 377... ...
Cal Cal CQ Ct c Ct c o Ct Ct ;> Cal
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From page 378... ...
The significant technological achievements which have already been implemented on an industrial scale are obtained in solid fuel cleaning, including elimination of pyrite. However, since the large quantities of waste produced by coal cleaning still possess thermic energy, the storage of waste products causes problems because of the danger of spontaneous combustion.
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From page 379... ...
The range of problems related to air pollution modeling are being investigated through numerous research projects in Poland. Developing air pollution models calls for data as presented in Figure 2: meteorological and physiographic data, as well as data concerning emissions and depositions.
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From page 380... ...
In Poland, a whole "family" of air pollution models have been designed for various time and space scales, among which there are urban, regional, and country models, as well as models for long-range transport. Let us first turn to the long-range transport models.
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From page 381... ...
In the vicinity of the experimental installation, meteorological measurements are carried out in the following ranges: m; and · ground level up to 18 m with the use of a mast; · atmospheric soundings with the use of captive balloon up to 500 · higher stratum examination with the use of a free balloon. Depending on wind directions within a radius of several kilometers, air samples are collected using specially designed injectors.
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From page 382... ...
Unit=103 tons of sulfur per annum (EME:/MSCW Report 1/88~. Models already verified provide information necessary for mapping of air pollution in various scales in urban areas, regions, or the whole country.
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From page 383... ...
383 , ~ ~ Free Balloon Captive Balloon _: 1 ~ KM Air Samples ecological monitoring is done, in order to determine correlations between the pollutant concentrations and ecological effects. Although a large amount of modeling of air pollution dispersion has been carried out both in Poland and elswhere in the world, among the issues that require further research are the following: · physical and chemical reactions of pollutants in the atmosphere; · pollutant wash-out by atmospheric fallout; pollutant transportation inside the clouds; and ground absorption.
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From page 384... ...
Omitting damage estimates in rational value, the procedure allows for optimum comprehensive planning and helps identify those emission sources in which investments will generate the greatest gain in pollution reductions. This is the theoretical basis of optimum cost estimates for environmental protection.
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From page 385... ...
They are: the improvement and verification of air pollution dispersion models; · the construction and improvement of models of pollutant circulation in biogeochemical cycles; and · the estimation of damage to environment caused by emission of specific pollutants, a process which should consider all existing (particularly additive) interdependencies of various pollutants.
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