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The Relationship Between Strategies of Social Development and Environmental Protection
Pages 41-59

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From page 41...
... KASSENBERG Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences Different concepts of social development will be described in this chapter to demonstrate how they influence approaches to problems of the natural environment. These concepts are described here as existing or potential dominant paradigms, i.e., basic perceptions, thoughts, and actions related to a given view of reality (Herman, 1975; Linstone et al., 1977; Wyka, 1987~.
From page 42...
... THE EXISITING PARADIGM Authors dealing with the idea of social progress indicate that the time in which it serves as a dominant paradigm is short. Dawson (1938)
From page 43...
... The brief, general description presented above ignores the distinct differences between the specific patterns of development existing in particular countries and regions of the world (Kerr et al., 1964~. These specifics are crucial to better understanding the relationship between social development and environmental protection.
From page 44...
... ; the state also maintained a monopoly in foreign trade, resulting in the isolation of the domestic market from competitive foreign products. Poland also had a centrally planned economy, with the economic goals of the state-owned enterprises established by the central planner.
From page 45...
... During the period 1960-1978, consumption of raw materials increased by 3.1% and from 1978-1981 it increased even more, by 5.2%. Other experts have estimated the losses of raw materials in all phases of the industrial process, from mining minerals to manufacturing final products.
From page 46...
... This means that Poland is still unable to carry out its own conservation reserve program for crop production on idle cropland which is highly credible or located adjacent to streams, lakes, or estuaries, as is done elsewhere (Thiede, 1975; Wolcott et aL, 1988~. However, in the late 1980s, the Polish economy started to undergo dramatic and rapid changes.
From page 47...
... This attitude persists today, allowing effective control of infectious diseases but not chronic ones. The prevention of chronic disease is regarded by specialists as requiring increased control of the individual over his own health.
From page 48...
... in Poland as compared to the Federal Republic of Germany. Data on mortality rates in the Federal Republic of Germany were not available to the authors, therefore 1980 mortality rates were used for both 1980 and 1985 as a base for comparison with Poland.
From page 49...
... Within the context of this definition of a city's health, the following parameters merit consideration: quality of the physical environment; stability and sustainability of an ecosystem; strength of a mutually supportive community; degree of public participation in decision making; · meeting public need; · access to a wide variety of experiences and resources; a diverse, vital, and innovative city economy; an optimum level of appropriate public health care; and · high health standards. These considerations show how important to this new concept of health is the issue of urban populations living in a stable natural environment.
From page 50...
... THE ECOLOGICAL PARADIGM The discussion thus far has provided a brief outline of some features of alternative development and the: spatial solutions resulting from it. However, some other very important features were omitted, e.g., a new view of agriculture and the relationship between current activities and the welfare of future generations.
From page 51...
... For most European countries, the latter suggestion is the least attractive as activities carried out in a neighboring country may disturb domestic ecosystems. The system of environmental protection and management outlined here should maintain the following on a large scale: ability to produce biomass; · ecological balance, which is manifested by ecological stability; · pools of genetic and ecological information; · a spatial arrangement of ecosystems which would inhibit excessive mobility of chemical elements, waters with dissolved chemicals, and rocks and humus in both air and water (i.e., erosion)
From page 52...
... living nature (e.g., and its land forms and elements geological phenomena FOCUS OF rarity of occurrence usefulness of satisfying present ecological balance INTEREST of biological forms; natural needs for life, as a basis for special significance resources health, security, proper conditions for society (such as to satisfy aesthetic values for survival cultural, aesthetic, economic needs and providing for of human and gene banks,etc.) development of non-human future generations forms of life LIMITS OF inviolability of defined by defined by the inviolability PERMISSIBLE functioning unity of existing needs of future of ecological CHANGES IN nature in chosen economic needs end present balance within CONDITION areas; preserving generations ESPA OF NATURE single forms of nature Also, many issues involved in creating an Ecological System of Preserved Areas have not yet been solved by science.
From page 53...
... development of natural environment PRIORITIES needslimited to satisfaction of satisfaction of satisfaction of IN sightseeing, research needs does not needs does not needs does not SATISFYING related to gene bank destroy economic destroy social destroy ecological NEEDS balance balance balance of ESPA COSIS OF - covering costs bearings costs bearing all SATISFYING of present of present social present social NEEDS social develop- developmentand development ment with non- some costs of costs and costs human fonns of future develop of future human life and future ment and non-human generations of development humans GAINING limited use of complete partial utilize- maintaining balance NATURAL natural amenities utilization of tion of existing of ESPA along RESOURCES existing natural natural potential with utilization AND USING potential for for social devel- of remaining NATURAL economic end opment; remaining pert of nature AMENITIES social potential is for social development reserved for development the future RECULTI- protection of natural recultivation of restoration of restoration of VATION OF objects from natural environ- ecological balance balance in ESPA NATURAL disturbances ment when when required by when there are ENVIRON- satisfaction of life quality de- technical MENT economic needs mends or interests possibilities is threatened of future generations following concepts are now working or are now being introduced: conservation (created by Humboldt in the 19th century) , economic-technological (a part of the existing paradigm)
From page 54...
... Today two strategies are generally applied in the field of social safety: to not test or regulate chemicals at all, or to test chemicals and regulate only if the test reveals serious adverse effects (Weinstein, 1979~. In the past, the first laissez faire approach dominated due to lack of proper knowledge.
From page 55...
... Industry would positively respond to the mass economic demand of the market for `'new safety." The government would effectively act if, for instance, mass migrations of people from the territories of low ecological standards occurred. Applications of
From page 56...
... It would appear that for next several decades Poland will be almost entirely preoccupied with strengthening its economy by lowering natural limits to growth and reversing high mortality rates. For this reason, healthy cities or an ecological grid in Poland will probably remain of low social priority, and therefore will be discussed within a time frame of many years rather than in the immediate future.
From page 57...
... 1986. Healthy cities: Promoting health in the urban context.
From page 58...
... 1976. Die ethic der ehrfurcht vor dem leben in Aus Meinem Leben und Denken:137.
From page 59...
... American Journal of Public Health 9 in the Healthy Toronto 2000 Policy Conference. City of Toronto, October 13, 1984.


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