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From page 425... ... , bacterial infections,31,35,38 201-219 Assam) Read the entire page →
From page 426... ... , 225-226, 227-228,231-239 see also Exposure; Public information Crabs, 42, 50, 59, 74, 115, 277-278, 290, 291,309, 323 Crawfish, 2~25 Cross-contamination, 27,30,40,41, 68,74,76,78,309,311 Culture techniques, 41 Curing and smoking, 23, 48, 59, 75, 124, 319 252, 253,256, 330 research, 12, 252-253 respiratory system, 184 risk assessment 11-12 112113, 114, liS, 118 119, 126, 151, 157~4, 172-259, 307, 333 sampling, 127-128,181, 189, 199, 223-224, 241, 243, 244, 248-249, 254, 307 sex differences, l l S l S 1, l S9 shellfish, 115,232-237,239 247; see specif c species standards, 123,150-152, 15 155, 190-193, 240 state-level actions, 12, 13, 14, 112, 306-307, 315-316,324 stochasticprocesses,174,181-184 subsistence fishing, 17,225 245-251,330 time factors, 124, 130 waste management, 17,254 see also Acute toxicity; Chronic toxicity; Organic compounds; Pesticides; specif c toxins Chemotherapeutic agents, 121-122 Chesapeake Bay, 39, 41, 43, 250 Children, 116, 117, 161,162, 20 207,252,330 perinatal period, 57, 119,161, 195, 205 China, 23,25, 252 Chlorampheriicol, 123 Chlordane, 120, 130, 147 Chlorinated hydrocarbons, 12, 118, 120-121, 137-139, 145-146, 148-149 see also specific substances Chlorine, 52,124-125, 246 Cholera, 19,37~1, 45, 66, 292, 316-317,318 Chromatography, 98 Chromium, 231, 235,243 Chronic toxicity, 2, 13 114 1S~ 164, 174,180, i8~i86, 188, 19~195,250, 252-253 see also Carcinogens and carcinogenesis, Mutagens and mutagenesis; Neurotoxicity; Reproductive toxicology Ciguatera,1, 2, 6,9, 88, 89-93, 102, 104, 106,305,306,316,318, 329, 330 imports, 92, 102,316 inspection issues, 9, 92, 93 recreational fishing, 92, 306,330 regional factors, 6, 89, 92,305 regulations, 9, 306 research, 92, 93, 306 state govemment,9, 106,316 Cirrhosis, 41, 42, 68, 78 hemochromatosis, 41, 42, 68, 77, 78 Clams, 72, 309, 315 Clean Water Act, 295 Clostridium botulinum, 8, 58-59, 64, 73,74,77,78,316 Clostridium perfringens, 8, 95 Data bases, 19, 20, 31-32, 35, 78,31 CDC, 15,16, 19,22,31,35, 302-304 chemical residues, general, 12 14, 17, 112, 12~128, 151152, 222-225, 231-243, 253-254,307 imports, 225, 226, 228, 244-245 pesticides, 126, 139,222-225,254 recreational fishing, 22-23, 24 DDT, 120, 137-138, 145-146, 243, 246, 247, 249 Demography of consumers, 25-26 seafood industry, 22-23 Denmark, 26 Department of Agriculture, 24, 287, 292, 300,313-314, 319,320, 322 Department of Commerce, 24, 292, 300, 322 see also specific agencies Department of Defense, 287,292 Department of Health and Human Services, 157, 292 see also Food and Drug Administration Depuration, 72, 125,315 Developing countries, 74 Developmental toxicology 11 children, 116, 117,161 162, 204 207, 252, 330 Read the entire page →
From page 427... ... , ;51, 187, 188, 193,222-251 levels, 174-175 microorganisms, 65 66 Fecal pollution, 6,33,36, 49-53, 67,69,71 E coli, 72,73, 277-278, 290, 294, 330-331 Federal govemment,2, 13-16, 106, 308,322,332-334 advisories, 325, 335 chemical residues, 12, 254,255 interagency issues, 16, 17, 19,320 monitoring, 301-304 national surveillance system, 2, 12~150, 240-245, 254, 268-269,287-304 natural toxins, general, 10, 106, 306 recreational catches, 251,308 standards, 68-70, 123, 186-187, 189-196, 288-294, 307 state cooperation with, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18-19,31,69,106 223,302,306,307,309,310, 312, 313-314,319-321; see also National Shellfish Sanitation Program see also Centers for Disease Control; Environmental Protection Administration; Food and Drug Administration; Laws National Marine Fisheries Service; other agencies Federal-State Standing Committee on Residues in Fish, 307 Federal Trade Commission, 323 Fermentation, 6, 59, 75, 316 Fertilizers, 115 Firlfish, 22, 47, 48, 89, 329, 330 chemical residues, 139-150, 223, 232-237,239, 243, 244, 245-251,331-330 see also specific species Fish and Wildlife Service, 122, 126 Florida, 9,43; 89, 91,99,313,317, 319, 353-359 Food and Agriculture Organization (United Nations) Read the entire page →
From page 428... ... viruses, 62 see also Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point; Inspection issues Freshwater fish, 23, 126, 223, 225, 243, 248,316 catfish, 24,123, 313, 322 see also Great Lakes Frozen food, 48, 73, 329 Funding, 19, 292 chemical toxin control, 307 enforcement, 52 federal aid to states, 19, 307 industry recipients, 322 local efforts, 311 natural toxin control, 106 Galveston Bay, 40, 42 Gambierdiscus toxicus, 89, 90, 92 Gastrointestinal system, 8, 30, 37, 39, 40, 45, 51, 76, 89, 94-95, 99, 100, 114,124 see also Diarrhea Genetics chemical residues, general, 175, 181, 182 DNA probes, 20, 41, 57, 68, 78 trace metals, 114, 117 Geographic factors, see Regional factors; specific geographic areas Georgia, 359-365 Gonyaulax, 97, 98 Government role, 13-16 chemical toxin control, 12 interagency issues, 16, 17, 19, 310, 320 see also Federal govemment; Local govemment; Regulations; Standards; State government Great Lakes, 12, 17, 73, 124, 195, 201, 240, 243, 245, 248,329 330 Guam, 7, 89, 102,316-317,318 INDEX Gulfof Mexico, 37,38, 39, 40, 42, 43,67,71,99, 30S Gymnodinium breve, 99,317 see also Red tides Hainu: alvei, 95 Hallucinogenic fish poisoning, 102 Halogen compounds, 124-125 Hawaii, 89, 91, 92, 94, 100, 101, 102,314,316,330,365-370 Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point, 4-5, 7, 9,10,16,17, 27, 31, 72, 78, 283-284,314, 319,321,325, 333, 335 Health professionals associations, 71, 319-321 education, 13,15,44,77,78, 103, 106,301, 307, 309, 313-314 336 Hemochromatosis, 41, 42, 68,77,78 Hemorrhages, 117 Hepatic system cirrhosis, 41, 42, 68,78 defective, 30, 76 hemochromatosis, 41, 42, 68, 77, 78 organic compounds, 120 trace metals 115,116 159 Hepatitis, 8,49 5~51, si-s3, 62, 66,72, 117,316 Heptachlor compounds, 120, 138, 147-148 Herbicides, 115, 119,121, 139, 150 Hemng, 244, 276 High-perfonnance liquid chromatography, 98 Histamine poisoning, 94 Immunological factors allergies, 6, 35, 125,310,317, 319 aquaculture, 122 bioassays,9, 78, 98, 180, 181, 194 chemical residues, 11-12 immunocompromised individuals, 30, 31,39, 41, 42, 57, 65, 68, 76, 77, 7B paralytic shellfish poisoning, 96 radioimmunoassays, 92, 98, 180 southern blotting, 38 vaccines, 53 hnports,2, 16, 22, 23, 36, 73-74, 334-335 aquaculture products, 13, 18, 22, 23, 25, 124 ciguatera, 92, 102,316 export inspections, 301, 326,328 FDA, 24~245, 313 inspection requirements, 7, 14, 15, 18, 76-, 124, 298-299, 300, 301,325~328, 335 mercury, 244 puffer fish, 106 regllIatoIy programs, 14, 15, 16, 18,25,2~27 sampling, 244-245, 267 scornbroid, 96, 106, 316 shellfish, 23, 73, 76, 77-78, 100, 103, 106, 298-299, 315,329 standards, 8-9,13,73,77-78, 298, 300,325, 33~335, 337 state-level action,313,316 statistical data, 225, 226, 228, 244-245 Individual risk assessments, 219, 243, 257 Industry associations, 225, 321-324 337 Inhalation toxicology, 113, 115 Insecticides, see Pesticides Inspection issues, 1, 9, 13-17,19, 31,78,294-301,313,319, 333-334 aquaculture, 124 chemical toxins, 12, 126, 15 151 ciguatera, 9, 92, 93 cost factors, 298, 300, 301,307, 308, 327 EPA, 295 exports, 301,326, 328 FDA, 295-300 imports, 7, 14, 15, 18, 76, 124, 298, 300,325-328, 335 mercury, 299 molluscs, 8, 9, 76, 309 paralytic shellfish poisoning, 10, 296,306,315 parasites, 68 research, 9, 10, 1~17, 1~20, 30,78,92,93,103,106 scombroid, 95-96, 103 state-level, 18-19, 308-311, 321-324 voluntary programs, 287, 30 301,320,321, 322, 323 see also Hazard Analysis Cntical Control Point; Sampling International Association of Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitarians, 320 International perspective, 1~16, 18, 26-27, 125, 222, 229, 230, 235-239, 275, 301, 325-331, 335, 337 see also Imports; specific countries Interstate Shellfish Sanitation Conference, 310, 320, 336 Interstate trade, 223, 224, 229, 287, 300, 336 voluntary programs, 287, 30(} 301, 320, 321, 322 Irradiation, 44, 45, 67~8, 77 Japan, 23, 40, 92, 100, 101, 115, 196 Kelbsiella pneumoniae, 71, 95 Kepone, 121, 139 Kidneys, see Renal system Labeling, 6, 26, 150, 222, 251, 310, 3 19, 322 imports, 26 state actions, 310 Lactobacillus, 95 Langostinos, 278, 291 Laws, 19, 112, 254, 255, 302, 323 Administrative Procedures Act, 288 Agricultural Marketing Act, 300 Clean Water Act, 295 Read the entire page →
From page 429... ... vulnif cus, 30,42 Mussels, 102 Mutagens and mutagenesis, 115, 117,119,125,174,175,181, 182,256 National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Cntena for Food, 292 National Aquaculture Act, 320 National Blue Crab Industry Association, 323 National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program, 127-128 National Fisheries Institute, Inc., 70, 323 National Food Processors Association, 321 National Marine Fisheries Service, 13, 16, 24, 224-226,231239, 243,244, 287,300-301, 314,320 National Oceanic and Atmosphenc Administration, 14, 101, 126-127,137, 139, 141, 148-149,332 National Status and Trends Program, 126-127,128-147, 152 National Oceanographic Data Center, 152 National Pesticide Monitoring Program, 126, 139 National Research Council, 229, 230, 231-238 (passim) National Shellfish Sanitation Program, 14,15, 68~9, 229, 293-295,305,310,313, 331 National Status and Trends Program, 12~127, 128-147, 152 Native Americans, 6,75, 249,316 Natural toxins, 9-11, 87-106, 291, 332 CDC, 88,91,95,96,98,99 federal government, general, 10, 106, 306 molluscs, 96, 98, 99-100, 309 natural toxins, 9-10,92-93,94, 102 public information, 9, 92, 96, 103, 106,306 regional factors, 6,9, 10, 14, 89, 92,305 regulations, general, 106,306,332 research, 92, 93, 103,106 risk assessment, 9-10, 92-93, 94, 102 shellfish, general, 292, 309 standards, 95, 98, 103 state-level regulation, 9, 10, 103, 106,306,316 see also specific toxins Nematodes, 48-49 Neurotoxicity, 15 amnesic shellfish poisoning, 101-102 chemical residues, general, l l, 15, 184, 252,256 ciguatera, 89-90 hallucinogenic fish poisoning, l 02 organic compounds, 119, 120, 121, 195 paralysis, 90, 100 paralytic shellfish poisoning, 6, 9,10,88,96-99,102, 104, 296, 306,315, 330, 331 parkinsonism, 12, 186 scombroid, 9095 trace metals, 114, 115, 117, 161, 162, 180,185-186, 188, 204 211,213-219 Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (red tides) Read the entire page →
From page 430... ... , 14, 15, 16,18, 25, 2~27 interstate trade, 223,224, 229, 287, 300 labeling, 6, 26, 150, 222, 251 310,319,322 naturaltoxins, general, 106, 306, 332 scombroid, 106 shellfish, 7 specific states, 342~14 state-level, 9, 10, 103, 106, 303, 304-314, 316, 319-324, 336 vessels and docks, 19, 26, 300, 307-311 waste management, 1, 2, 8, 17, 30,52,77,254 see also Environmental Protection Agency; Food and Drug Administration; Inspection issues; Licenses and pennits; Standards Renal system, 42, 115, 116, 117, 123, 16~161, 162, 180 Reporting issues, 22, 31, 302-303, 31~319 see also Foodbome Disease Outbreak Surveillance Program; Northeast Technical Support Unit Reproductive toxicology chemical residues, general, 11, 12, 151, 178-179, 181, 219, 250, 252, 253, 256, 330 education on, 18 organic compounds, 119, 121, 1 89, 195, 219, 250 pennatal period, 57, 1 19, 161, 195, 205 trace metals, 114, 115, 118, 119, 159-164, 197, 205-207, 213-219, 231, 330 Read the entire page →
From page 431... ... aquaculture,311-312,320 CDC relations, 314, 315, 317 chemical residues, 12, 13, 14, 112, 306-307, 315-316,324 ciguatera, 9, 106, 316 education, 9, 18,306 federal aid to, 19, 307 federal cooperation with, 14, 15, 16, 17, 1~19,31, 69, 106, 223, 302,306, 307,309,310, 312, 313-314, 319-321; see also National Shellfish Sanitation Program food processing, 308-311, 316, 342-414 (passim) imports, 313,316 inspection, 18-19,308-311, 321-324 interstate trade, 223, 224, 229, 287, 300,336 molluscs, 309, 310, 313,315, 317, 324 natural toxins, general, 9, 10, 103, 106,306,316 neurotoxic shellfish poisonir~g, 99,306 paralytic shellfish poisoning, 10, 98,306,315 public information, 306,308, 309 advisories, 18, 245-246,250, 251, 32~325, 335-336 recreational fishing, 18, 245246, 250, 251,306, 308, 312-313 regulations, general, 9, 10, 103, 106, 303,304-314,316, 319-324,336 reporting, 22, 302-303, 314-319 sampling, 307 scombroid,96,316, 317 shellfish, 306, 309, 310, 315,316 standards, 70, 319 vibrio bacteria, 309, 315,316, 317 Read the entire page →
From page 432... ... , 199-200, 225-226 models, 17~179, 181-182, 184185, 187-188, 250 Monte Carlo simulations, l 87 morbidity and mortality, 302 national surveillance system, 2, 126-150,240-245, 254, 268-269, 287-304 stochastic processes, l 74, 181 184 uncertainty, 177-178, 187, 190, 193, 196,219, 257, 268, 283 see also Centers for Disease Control; Data bases; Epidemiology; Reporting issues; Risk assessment; Sampling Stochastic processes, chemical toxicity, 174,181-184 Subsistence fishing, 2,10, 15, 17, 225, 245-251, 330 Sulfites, 125,310 Sulfonamides, 122-123 Sweden, 196, 223 Swordfish, 12, 17, 154-155, 223, 224, 244, 298, 299, 330 TCBS media, 41 Temperature effects, 63-64, 76 bacteria, general, 38, 41, 44, 46, 48,58,59,61-64,73,330 control requirements, 17, 68, 69, 73 cooking, 9,30,70,77,78,311, 328-329 cross-contamination, 311 distribution of seafood, 73 harvest waters bacteria, 36, 39-40, 41, 42, 44, 45-46, 48, 67-68, 69, 71, 77,305 scombroid, 94, 103 molluscs,7, 30, 39 40, 46, 6768 INDEX nitrosa~runes, 124 pasteurization, 62-63 scanbroid, 10,94,103, 106 vibrio, 40, 41, 44,72 viruses, 62 see also Frozen food; Refngeration Tennessee, 96 Tetracycline, 75 Tetratogenesis, see Reproductive toxicology Tetrodotoxin, 100 Thailand, 23 Three-class attribute sampling, 271272 Time factors, 76 chemical residues, 124, 130 distribution of seafood,73,310 dose response, 113 molluscs,7, 68 preparation by consumers, 26 scombroid, 106 terminal sale dates, 310 vibno, 40, 41, 44 Tin, 113-114 Total Diet Study, 222-223, 238, 241 Toxaphene, 149-150 Toxicology, see Chemical toxins; Developmental toxicology; Natural toxins; Reproductive toxicology Toxic Substances Control Act, 118 Trace metals, 12, 113-118,126, 128, 129, 139-143, 157-164,224 acceptable daily intake, 226, 229-238 bioconcentration levels, 113, 129-134, 13~143 blood diseases, 116, 117, 161, 180 chronic toxicity, 158-164 hepatic system, 115,116, 159 neurotoxicity, 114, 115' 117, 161, 162, 180, 185-186,188, 204 211,213-219 persistence, 113,117, 158- 164, 197-199, 213, 219 reproductive toxicology, 114, 115, 118, 119, 159-164, 197, 205-207,213-219, 231,330 see also specific metals Trematodes, 47-48 Tribal fishing, 225, 245-251 Tuna, 10,93,95,96, 103, 199-200, 299, 330 canned, 23, 224, 244,329 Tuna Research Foundation, 199-200 Two-class attribute sampling, 269270 Typhoid, 55, 69 United Nations, see Food and Agriculture Organization United Kingdom, 201 Urinary disorders, 123 Vaccines, 53 Vacuum packaging, 60, 63, 64, 74 Vessels, regulation of,19, 26, 300, 307-311 Vibrio bacteria, 2, ~8, 19, 3~34, 3~45, 66~68, 72-74, 76, 77, 95, 100, 292,305, 320, 324 cholera, 19, 37~1, 45, 66, 292, 31~317,318 state-level actions, 309,315, 316, 317 Virgin Islands, 89,91,314, 316 Vimses, 32, 49-54, 62, 65~7, 72, 76 see also specif c viruses Voluntaly programs, 287, 30~301, 320,321,322,323 Vomiting, 89, 95,100 Washington, 96, 128, 246, 311,316, 411-414 Waste management, 8, 17, 30, 52, 77, 254 see also Pollution Water quality monitoring, 17,30, 295, 310,335 harvest waters bacteria, 36, 39-42, 44-46, 48, 67-69, 71, 77, 305 scombroid, 94, 103 standards, 68-69, 70, 77 see also National Shellfish Sanitation Program Wisconsin,319 Women, 115, 151 see also Reproductive toxicology World Health Organization, 222, 229, 230, 275, 326 Wound infections, 37, 39, 42 Yersinia enterocolitica, 56-57,73,74 Read the entire page →

From page 425...

... , bacterial infections,31,35,38 201-219 Assam)

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From page 426...

... , 225-226, 227-228,231-239 see also Exposure; Public information Crabs, 42, 50, 59, 74, 115, 277-278, 290, 291,309, 323 Crawfish, 2~25 Cross-contamination, 27,30,40,41, 68,74,76,78,309,311 Culture techniques, 41 Curing and smoking, 23, 48, 59, 75, 124, 319 252, 253,256, 330 research, 12, 252-253 respiratory system, 184 risk assessment 11-12 112113, 114, liS, 118 119, 126, 151, 157~4, 172-259, 307, 333 sampling, 127-128,181, 189, 199, 223-224, 241, 243, 244, 248-249, 254, 307 sex differences, l l S l S 1, l S9 shellfish, 115,232-237,239 247; see specif c species standards, 123,150-152, 15 155, 190-193, 240 state-level actions, 12, 13, 14, 112, 306-307, 315-316,324 stochasticprocesses,174,181-184 subsistence fishing, 17,225 245-251,330 time factors, 124, 130 waste management, 17,254 see also Acute toxicity; Chronic toxicity; Organic compounds; Pesticides; specif c toxins Chemotherapeutic agents, 121-122 Chesapeake Bay, 39, 41, 43, 250 Children, 116, 117, 161,162, 20 207,252,330 perinatal period, 57, 119,161, 195, 205 China, 23,25, 252 Chlorampheriicol, 123 Chlordane, 120, 130, 147 Chlorinated hydrocarbons, 12, 118, 120-121, 137-139, 145-146, 148-149 see also specific substances Chlorine, 52,124-125, 246 Cholera, 19,37~1, 45, 66, 292, 316-317,318 Chromatography, 98 Chromium, 231, 235,243 Chronic toxicity, 2, 13 114 1S~ 164, 174,180, i8~i86, 188, 19~195,250, 252-253 see also Carcinogens and carcinogenesis, Mutagens and mutagenesis; Neurotoxicity; Reproductive toxicology Ciguatera,1, 2, 6,9, 88, 89-93, 102, 104, 106,305,306,316,318, 329, 330 imports, 92, 102,316 inspection issues, 9, 92, 93 recreational fishing, 92, 306,330 regional factors, 6, 89, 92,305 regulations, 9, 306 research, 92, 93, 306 state govemment,9, 106,316 Cirrhosis, 41, 42, 68, 78 hemochromatosis, 41, 42, 68, 77, 78 Clams, 72, 309, 315 Clean Water Act, 295 Clostridium botulinum, 8, 58-59, 64, 73,74,77,78,316 Clostridium perfringens, 8, 95 Data bases, 19, 20, 31-32, 35, 78,31 CDC, 15,16, 19,22,31,35, 302-304 chemical residues, general, 12 14, 17, 112, 12~128, 151152, 222-225, 231-243, 253-254,307 imports, 225, 226, 228, 244-245 pesticides, 126, 139,222-225,254 recreational fishing, 22-23, 24 DDT, 120, 137-138, 145-146, 243, 246, 247, 249 Demography of consumers, 25-26 seafood industry, 22-23 Denmark, 26 Department of Agriculture, 24, 287, 292, 300,313-314, 319,320, 322 Department of Commerce, 24, 292, 300, 322 see also specific agencies Department of Defense, 287,292 Department of Health and Human Services, 157, 292 see also Food and Drug Administration Depuration, 72, 125,315 Developing countries, 74 Developmental toxicology 11 children, 116, 117,161 162, 204 207, 252, 330

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... , ;51, 187, 188, 193,222-251 levels, 174-175 microorganisms, 65 66 Fecal pollution, 6,33,36, 49-53, 67,69,71 E coli, 72,73, 277-278, 290, 294, 330-331 Federal govemment,2, 13-16, 106, 308,322,332-334 advisories, 325, 335 chemical residues, 12, 254,255 interagency issues, 16, 17, 19,320 monitoring, 301-304 national surveillance system, 2, 12~150, 240-245, 254, 268-269,287-304 natural toxins, general, 10, 106, 306 recreational catches, 251,308 standards, 68-70, 123, 186-187, 189-196, 288-294, 307 state cooperation with, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18-19,31,69,106 223,302,306,307,309,310, 312, 313-314,319-321; see also National Shellfish Sanitation Program see also Centers for Disease Control; Environmental Protection Administration; Food and Drug Administration; Laws National Marine Fisheries Service; other agencies Federal-State Standing Committee on Residues in Fish, 307 Federal Trade Commission, 323 Fermentation, 6, 59, 75, 316 Fertilizers, 115 Firlfish, 22, 47, 48, 89, 329, 330 chemical residues, 139-150, 223, 232-237,239, 243, 244, 245-251,331-330 see also specific species Fish and Wildlife Service, 122, 126 Florida, 9,43; 89, 91,99,313,317, 319, 353-359 Food and Agriculture Organization (United Nations)

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From page 428...

... viruses, 62 see also Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point; Inspection issues Freshwater fish, 23, 126, 223, 225, 243, 248,316 catfish, 24,123, 313, 322 see also Great Lakes Frozen food, 48, 73, 329 Funding, 19, 292 chemical toxin control, 307 enforcement, 52 federal aid to states, 19, 307 industry recipients, 322 local efforts, 311 natural toxin control, 106 Galveston Bay, 40, 42 Gambierdiscus toxicus, 89, 90, 92 Gastrointestinal system, 8, 30, 37, 39, 40, 45, 51, 76, 89, 94-95, 99, 100, 114,124 see also Diarrhea Genetics chemical residues, general, 175, 181, 182 DNA probes, 20, 41, 57, 68, 78 trace metals, 114, 117 Geographic factors, see Regional factors; specific geographic areas Georgia, 359-365 Gonyaulax, 97, 98 Government role, 13-16 chemical toxin control, 12 interagency issues, 16, 17, 19, 310, 320 see also Federal govemment; Local govemment; Regulations; Standards; State government Great Lakes, 12, 17, 73, 124, 195, 201, 240, 243, 245, 248,329 330 Guam, 7, 89, 102,316-317,318 INDEX Gulfof Mexico, 37,38, 39, 40, 42, 43,67,71,99, 30S Gymnodinium breve, 99,317 see also Red tides Hainu: alvei, 95 Hallucinogenic fish poisoning, 102 Halogen compounds, 124-125 Hawaii, 89, 91, 92, 94, 100, 101, 102,314,316,330,365-370 Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point, 4-5, 7, 9,10,16,17, 27, 31, 72, 78, 283-284,314, 319,321,325, 333, 335 Health professionals associations, 71, 319-321 education, 13,15,44,77,78, 103, 106,301, 307, 309, 313-314 336 Hemochromatosis, 41, 42, 68,77,78 Hemorrhages, 117 Hepatic system cirrhosis, 41, 42, 68,78 defective, 30, 76 hemochromatosis, 41, 42, 68, 77, 78 organic compounds, 120 trace metals 115,116 159 Hepatitis, 8,49 5~51, si-s3, 62, 66,72, 117,316 Heptachlor compounds, 120, 138, 147-148 Herbicides, 115, 119,121, 139, 150 Hemng, 244, 276 High-perfonnance liquid chromatography, 98 Histamine poisoning, 94 Immunological factors allergies, 6, 35, 125,310,317, 319 aquaculture, 122 bioassays,9, 78, 98, 180, 181, 194 chemical residues, 11-12 immunocompromised individuals, 30, 31,39, 41, 42, 57, 65, 68, 76, 77, 7B paralytic shellfish poisoning, 96 radioimmunoassays, 92, 98, 180 southern blotting, 38 vaccines, 53 hnports,2, 16, 22, 23, 36, 73-74, 334-335 aquaculture products, 13, 18, 22, 23, 25, 124 ciguatera, 92, 102,316 export inspections, 301, 326,328 FDA, 24~245, 313 inspection requirements, 7, 14, 15, 18, 76-, 124, 298-299, 300, 301,325~328, 335 mercury, 244 puffer fish, 106 regllIatoIy programs, 14, 15, 16, 18,25,2~27 sampling, 244-245, 267 scornbroid, 96, 106, 316 shellfish, 23, 73, 76, 77-78, 100, 103, 106, 298-299, 315,329 standards, 8-9,13,73,77-78, 298, 300,325, 33~335, 337 state-level action,313,316 statistical data, 225, 226, 228, 244-245 Individual risk assessments, 219, 243, 257 Industry associations, 225, 321-324 337 Inhalation toxicology, 113, 115 Insecticides, see Pesticides Inspection issues, 1, 9, 13-17,19, 31,78,294-301,313,319, 333-334 aquaculture, 124 chemical toxins, 12, 126, 15 151 ciguatera, 9, 92, 93 cost factors, 298, 300, 301,307, 308, 327 EPA, 295 exports, 301,326, 328 FDA, 295-300 imports, 7, 14, 15, 18, 76, 124, 298, 300,325-328, 335 mercury, 299 molluscs, 8, 9, 76, 309 paralytic shellfish poisoning, 10, 296,306,315 parasites, 68 research, 9, 10, 1~17, 1~20, 30,78,92,93,103,106 scombroid, 95-96, 103 state-level, 18-19, 308-311, 321-324 voluntary programs, 287, 30 301,320,321, 322, 323 see also Hazard Analysis Cntical Control Point; Sampling International Association of Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitarians, 320 International perspective, 1~16, 18, 26-27, 125, 222, 229, 230, 235-239, 275, 301, 325-331, 335, 337 see also Imports; specific countries Interstate Shellfish Sanitation Conference, 310, 320, 336 Interstate trade, 223, 224, 229, 287, 300, 336 voluntary programs, 287, 30(} 301, 320, 321, 322 Irradiation, 44, 45, 67~8, 77 Japan, 23, 40, 92, 100, 101, 115, 196 Kelbsiella pneumoniae, 71, 95 Kepone, 121, 139 Kidneys, see Renal system Labeling, 6, 26, 150, 222, 251, 310, 3 19, 322 imports, 26 state actions, 310 Lactobacillus, 95 Langostinos, 278, 291 Laws, 19, 112, 254, 255, 302, 323 Administrative Procedures Act, 288 Agricultural Marketing Act, 300 Clean Water Act, 295

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... vulnif cus, 30,42 Mussels, 102 Mutagens and mutagenesis, 115, 117,119,125,174,175,181, 182,256 National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Cntena for Food, 292 National Aquaculture Act, 320 National Blue Crab Industry Association, 323 National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program, 127-128 National Fisheries Institute, Inc., 70, 323 National Food Processors Association, 321 National Marine Fisheries Service, 13, 16, 24, 224-226,231239, 243,244, 287,300-301, 314,320 National Oceanic and Atmosphenc Administration, 14, 101, 126-127,137, 139, 141, 148-149,332 National Status and Trends Program, 126-127,128-147, 152 National Oceanographic Data Center, 152 National Pesticide Monitoring Program, 126, 139 National Research Council, 229, 230, 231-238 (passim) National Shellfish Sanitation Program, 14,15, 68~9, 229, 293-295,305,310,313, 331 National Status and Trends Program, 12~127, 128-147, 152 Native Americans, 6,75, 249,316 Natural toxins, 9-11, 87-106, 291, 332 CDC, 88,91,95,96,98,99 federal government, general, 10, 106, 306 molluscs, 96, 98, 99-100, 309 natural toxins, 9-10,92-93,94, 102 public information, 9, 92, 96, 103, 106,306 regional factors, 6,9, 10, 14, 89, 92,305 regulations, general, 106,306,332 research, 92, 93, 103,106 risk assessment, 9-10, 92-93, 94, 102 shellfish, general, 292, 309 standards, 95, 98, 103 state-level regulation, 9, 10, 103, 106,306,316 see also specific toxins Nematodes, 48-49 Neurotoxicity, 15 amnesic shellfish poisoning, 101-102 chemical residues, general, l l, 15, 184, 252,256 ciguatera, 89-90 hallucinogenic fish poisoning, l 02 organic compounds, 119, 120, 121, 195 paralysis, 90, 100 paralytic shellfish poisoning, 6, 9,10,88,96-99,102, 104, 296, 306,315, 330, 331 parkinsonism, 12, 186 scombroid, 9095 trace metals, 114, 115, 117, 161, 162, 180,185-186, 188, 204 211,213-219 Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (red tides)

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... , 14, 15, 16,18, 25, 2~27 interstate trade, 223,224, 229, 287, 300 labeling, 6, 26, 150, 222, 251 310,319,322 naturaltoxins, general, 106, 306, 332 scombroid, 106 shellfish, 7 specific states, 342~14 state-level, 9, 10, 103, 106, 303, 304-314, 316, 319-324, 336 vessels and docks, 19, 26, 300, 307-311 waste management, 1, 2, 8, 17, 30,52,77,254 see also Environmental Protection Agency; Food and Drug Administration; Inspection issues; Licenses and pennits; Standards Renal system, 42, 115, 116, 117, 123, 16~161, 162, 180 Reporting issues, 22, 31, 302-303, 31~319 see also Foodbome Disease Outbreak Surveillance Program; Northeast Technical Support Unit Reproductive toxicology chemical residues, general, 11, 12, 151, 178-179, 181, 219, 250, 252, 253, 256, 330 education on, 18 organic compounds, 119, 121, 1 89, 195, 219, 250 pennatal period, 57, 1 19, 161, 195, 205 trace metals, 114, 115, 118, 119, 159-164, 197, 205-207, 213-219, 231, 330

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... aquaculture,311-312,320 CDC relations, 314, 315, 317 chemical residues, 12, 13, 14, 112, 306-307, 315-316,324 ciguatera, 9, 106, 316 education, 9, 18,306 federal aid to, 19, 307 federal cooperation with, 14, 15, 16, 17, 1~19,31, 69, 106, 223, 302,306, 307,309,310, 312, 313-314, 319-321; see also National Shellfish Sanitation Program food processing, 308-311, 316, 342-414 (passim) imports, 313,316 inspection, 18-19,308-311, 321-324 interstate trade, 223, 224, 229, 287, 300,336 molluscs, 309, 310, 313,315, 317, 324 natural toxins, general, 9, 10, 103, 106,306,316 neurotoxic shellfish poisonir~g, 99,306 paralytic shellfish poisoning, 10, 98,306,315 public information, 306,308, 309 advisories, 18, 245-246,250, 251, 32~325, 335-336 recreational fishing, 18, 245246, 250, 251,306, 308, 312-313 regulations, general, 9, 10, 103, 106, 303,304-314,316, 319-324,336 reporting, 22, 302-303, 314-319 sampling, 307 scombroid,96,316, 317 shellfish, 306, 309, 310, 315,316 standards, 70, 319 vibrio bacteria, 309, 315,316, 317

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... , 199-200, 225-226 models, 17~179, 181-182, 184185, 187-188, 250 Monte Carlo simulations, l 87 morbidity and mortality, 302 national surveillance system, 2, 126-150,240-245, 254, 268-269, 287-304 stochastic processes, l 74, 181 184 uncertainty, 177-178, 187, 190, 193, 196,219, 257, 268, 283 see also Centers for Disease Control; Data bases; Epidemiology; Reporting issues; Risk assessment; Sampling Stochastic processes, chemical toxicity, 174,181-184 Subsistence fishing, 2,10, 15, 17, 225, 245-251, 330 Sulfites, 125,310 Sulfonamides, 122-123 Sweden, 196, 223 Swordfish, 12, 17, 154-155, 223, 224, 244, 298, 299, 330 TCBS media, 41 Temperature effects, 63-64, 76 bacteria, general, 38, 41, 44, 46, 48,58,59,61-64,73,330 control requirements, 17, 68, 69, 73 cooking, 9,30,70,77,78,311, 328-329 cross-contamination, 311 distribution of seafood, 73 harvest waters bacteria, 36, 39-40, 41, 42, 44, 45-46, 48, 67-68, 69, 71, 77,305 scombroid, 94, 103 molluscs,7, 30, 39 40, 46, 6768 INDEX nitrosa~runes, 124 pasteurization, 62-63 scanbroid, 10,94,103, 106 vibrio, 40, 41, 44,72 viruses, 62 see also Frozen food; Refngeration Tennessee, 96 Tetracycline, 75 Tetratogenesis, see Reproductive toxicology Tetrodotoxin, 100 Thailand, 23 Three-class attribute sampling, 271272 Time factors, 76 chemical residues, 124, 130 distribution of seafood,73,310 dose response, 113 molluscs,7, 68 preparation by consumers, 26 scombroid, 106 terminal sale dates, 310 vibno, 40, 41, 44 Tin, 113-114 Total Diet Study, 222-223, 238, 241 Toxaphene, 149-150 Toxicology, see Chemical toxins; Developmental toxicology; Natural toxins; Reproductive toxicology Toxic Substances Control Act, 118 Trace metals, 12, 113-118,126, 128, 129, 139-143, 157-164,224 acceptable daily intake, 226, 229-238 bioconcentration levels, 113, 129-134, 13~143 blood diseases, 116, 117, 161, 180 chronic toxicity, 158-164 hepatic system, 115,116, 159 neurotoxicity, 114, 115' 117, 161, 162, 180, 185-186,188, 204 211,213-219 persistence, 113,117, 158- 164, 197-199, 213, 219 reproductive toxicology, 114, 115, 118, 119, 159-164, 197, 205-207,213-219, 231,330 see also specific metals Trematodes, 47-48 Tribal fishing, 225, 245-251 Tuna, 10,93,95,96, 103, 199-200, 299, 330 canned, 23, 224, 244,329 Tuna Research Foundation, 199-200 Two-class attribute sampling, 269270 Typhoid, 55, 69 United Nations, see Food and Agriculture Organization United Kingdom, 201 Urinary disorders, 123 Vaccines, 53 Vacuum packaging, 60, 63, 64, 74 Vessels, regulation of,19, 26, 300, 307-311 Vibrio bacteria, 2, ~8, 19, 3~34, 3~45, 66~68, 72-74, 76, 77, 95, 100, 292,305, 320, 324 cholera, 19, 37~1, 45, 66, 292, 31~317,318 state-level actions, 309,315, 316, 317 Virgin Islands, 89,91,314, 316 Vimses, 32, 49-54, 62, 65~7, 72, 76 see also specif c viruses Voluntaly programs, 287, 30~301, 320,321,322,323 Vomiting, 89, 95,100 Washington, 96, 128, 246, 311,316, 411-414 Waste management, 8, 17, 30, 52, 77, 254 see also Pollution Water quality monitoring, 17,30, 295, 310,335 harvest waters bacteria, 36, 39-42, 44-46, 48, 67-69, 71, 77, 305 scombroid, 94, 103 standards, 68-69, 70, 77 see also National Shellfish Sanitation Program Wisconsin,319 Women, 115, 151 see also Reproductive toxicology World Health Organization, 222, 229, 230, 275, 326 Wound infections, 37, 39, 42 Yersinia enterocolitica, 56-57,73,74

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Index Pages 425-432

Index
Pages 425-432