The Case for International Sharing of Scientific Data A Focus on Developing Countries: Proceedings of a Symposium (2012) / Chapter Skim
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PART THREE: COMPELLING BENEFITS
PART THREE: COMPELLING BENEFITS
Pages 37-72
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From page 38... ...
As a unique member state from the developing countries in the HGP consortium, China's contribution is not only a technical accomplishment, but also a recognized effort in the free sharing of human genome data. As Michael Morgan, who was responsible for the Wellcome Trust projects on genomics, said, "China's unswerving support of open data release was an important factor in ensuring that the human genome sequence is the property of the whole world." John Sulston, the leader of the HGP of the United Kingdom, said, "I especially salute the Chinese colleagues, who have affirmed the Human Genome Project's common ownership by all mankind." The Human Genome Project has established a brilliant example for international collaboration and data sharing.
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From page 39... ...
As I have already indicated, the Human Genome Project has shaped the field of human genomics, which is characterized by international collaboration and international data sharing. Our contribution to the HGP has been small, probably 1 percent, but we made about a 10 percent contribution with the International HapMap Project.
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From page 40... ...
BGI's strategy for sustainable development requires international collaboration and data sharing. None of our achievements would have been gained without international collaboration.
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From page 41... ...
and similar surveys in the context of data sharing. My main point is that we have to submit ourselves to cost-benefit analysis and see whether or not it pays back.
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From page 42... ...
As a result of this public data release, again even before a substantial fraction of science was done by the project team itself, several thousand papers were published by scientists not associated with the SDSS -- more papers than by the people who were members of the SDSS collaboration. The total data volume that was delivered through this portal was more than 100 times the size of the full SDSS database.
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From page 43... ...
There are some fantastic examples from the astronomy–statistics–computer science boundary, where computer scientists use astronomical data to develop new ideas, which are then used once again in astronomy to do better science than astronomers could have done on our own. One can extend this also to other fields, because most disciplines have these giant datasets today.
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From page 44... ...
Sometimes they are of great use, like astronomical data. We saw millions of hits to public data releases of people looking at images of the sky.
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To summarize, the issue of public data sharing is a matter of cost-benefit analysis. Often when you do a detailed analysis, you are led to the conclusion that you just have to do it.
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From page 46... ...
Cheney Federal Aviation Administration, United States What I would like to address today is an information system that the Federal Aviation Administration has developed regarding transport airplane accidents. It is an initiative to gather information and lessons learned from these accidents, because they definitely have been repeated.
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A large transport airplane accident is an enormous human tragedy, but a second tragedy would be not to learn from it and then cause similar accidents. Let me now talk about the barriers.
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From page 48... ...
48 THE CASE FOR INTERNATIONAL SHARING OF SCIENITIFC DATA organizational lapses, preexisting failures, and unintended effects. Every miscue that has happened in aviation can be strongly linked to at least one of these.
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From page 49... ...
Had it been just a nuclear release caused by a failure at the plant, we probably would not have looked at it, but because it was created by natural hazards, we are incorporating it into our studies of the event. 3 The Science Plan can be accessed at http://www.irdrinternational.org/.
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The researchers will examine wind speed, wave action, rainfall, ground motion, and the like. They all have their own unique data issues and their own unique data links to social science aspects, such as religion, ethnicity, age, and gender, for example.
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There are many other biases affecting data quality, such as those in the databases regarding various losses. Most data related to disasters look at post-disaster responses and the losses that have accumulated.
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When do losses count? Six fallacies of natural hazard loss data.
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PART THREE: COMPLELLING BENEFITS 53 We strive to enhance the capacity of the world to address these issues and make informed decisions. We are trying to get stakeholders to shift their focus from response and recovery to mitigation and prevention.
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From page 54... ...
Both the emergence of state-of-the-art computational tools and workflows to check and improve data quality and with the availability of Web services and tools that allow the visualization of models and data on a spatial scale are opening new avenues to improve our knowledge on biodiversity. The 10-year existence of the speciesLink network5 demonstrated that the key success factors for network consolidation were the adoption of practical solutions to address the lack of adequate institutional infrastructure and the change in culture of sharing data.
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From page 55... ...
speciesLink architecture Reports mapcria Web Site webservice WM Network Manager S Query interface Maps Indicators PostGIS Data cleaning TAPIR Provider Central Repository webservice Data analysis Data Harvester TAPIR Portal DiGIR TAPIR Collections with a DiGIR provider Cache node Cache node SOAP Collections with spLinker FIGURE 15-1 speciesLink network architecture Source: From the speaker's presentation at the symposium. Speakers in this symposium from Tanzania and South Africa emphasized that a major problem to be addressed is the lack of confidence of data providers to release and share data openly.
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From page 56... ...
This is relevant, as the MNHN Herbarium is finalizing the processing of more than 6 million images of specimens collected worldwide. After processing the label information and improving the data quality by adding coordinates and revising the taxonomic information, the digital data will be integrated to the MNHN Sonnerat Information System.
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From page 57... ...
It included more than 40,000 valid names of plant species and synonyms, was published in May 2010, and was presented at the CBD Nagoya meeting in October 20108. After the development of new functions, the system was reopened for the continuous review by experts.9 To conclude, we are living in a new information era where small nonprofit organizations like CRIA, in collaboration with local and international partners, can play an important role in the creation of virtual environments and e-infrastructures that integrate distributed data, information, and knowledge.
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From page 58... ...
The modern vision of gradual sustainable development unifies three main components: economic, ecological, and social. The quality of the economic component is increasingly linked in people's minds with the concept of human development.
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The Human Development Index is important for developed and developing countries, allowing us to track cumulative progress year after year. Measurements should be standardized as much as possible around the globe.
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Figure 16-3 displays four of the six countries that are in the low human development quartile, according to the HDR. The main reasons are poverty, poor infrastructure, and limited access to health services and education.
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After adjustment for inequality, Ghana comes first in the set of four countries from the low human development cluster. Malawi is a little higher than Rwanda.
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According to the HDR "human dev g R, velopment is t expansion of people's freedoms to l long, healthy, the n live dvance other goals they ha reason to value, and to engage activ in shaping and creati lives, to ad ive ave vely developm equitably and sustaina ment y ably on a shared planet. Peo are both the beneficia ople aries and drive of ers human deevelopment as individuals a groups." s and Let us turn now to som compelling examples sh n me g howing how s social statistic were used t drive policy cs to y decisions.
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Currently the issue is being addressed by educating the population. The examples above show us how social statistics can serve as an instrument and basis for decision making and research on sustainable development processes.
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From page 64... ...
References Human Development Report (UN)
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I am mostly going to talk about the satellite observations. On the one hand, that is because if you think about data policy and data sharing, in situ observations are typically collected by people in their own backyard.
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From page 66... ...
n 7-2, he me lable, in the biggest ye ever for sa of Landsat data, they s ear ales 5,000 images. The income that was com sold about 25 ming in from seelling images, on an annua basis, was s , al somewhere be etween about $5 million an at the very nd, y best, $10 million.
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From page 67... ...
A lot of this imagery is sitting around on media that is degrading. If we are going to do this right in the future, because we have not really done this correctly in the past, we need to think about the dimensions of international coordination and collaboration on earth observations.
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From page 68... ...
If anybody wants to try to get people into one of these workshops, or is interested in a particular region or getting access to the data that has already been taken back to some of these regions, I would be happy to help connect people and try to coordinate those activities.
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From page 69... ...
Have you and the Federal Aviation Administration taken the next step? Now that you have all this wonderful scientific and technological experience data, have you started thinking about how you can exploit those data to make the entire air system both safer and more efficient?
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From page 70... ...
You talk here about different people working in different data areas such as biological data, species-oriented biological data and integration at a molecular level, genome data, and then integration with the information derived from satellite data, like land coverage. I think for local development, it is extremely important from the beginning to look at how the internationally agreed standards and protocols are developed.
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WOODCOCK: The U.S. Geological Survey is doing that for Landsat data.
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From page 72... ...
Now the set of all development reports that include underlying data will be available. Just visit the World Bank website, and you can easily download and research the statistics from different countries.
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