Indoor Pollutants (1981) / Chapter Skim
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I. Introduction
I. Introduction
Pages 16-29
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From page 16... ...
refer e to the en~rtronments inside bones, achoole, public buildings, and similar spaces to which the public has accedes industrial working environments, however, are excluded from consideration beret It is beyond the scope of this report to list all the pollutants found indoors that are hazardous to ban health. The exiles given make it plain that humans are exposed to a variety of potentially hazardous indoor pollutants from diverse sources.
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From page 17... ...
The Co~ittee's report outlines the scope of the probate regarding indoor pollutants and discus - e their sources, their effects on human health and welfare {human comfort, productivity, soiling, and corrosion}, the technologies available for their control or abatement, and concerns about the effects of energy~coneer~retion strategies on the indoor concentrations of pollutants. It approaches the subject of indoor pollution from three viewpointes a, ~ ~ ~ ~ · Physical factors, such as indoor-pollutant sources and concentrations and population exposures to those pollutants.
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From page 18... ...
· What control strategies are effective for reducing population exposures to specif ic indoor pollutants? · Will future changes in housing materials, products, ventilation codes, and activity patterns adversely affect health and welfare through changes in indoor exposures to air pollution?
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From page 19... ...
Buildings lose energy by conduction and radiation through windows, walls, and ceilings and by exchange of indoor conditioned air with unconditioned outdoor air. Reducing ventilation in residentis1 and commercis1 buildings can be cost-effective way to achieve energy conservation.
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From page 20... ...
Generally considered as belonging to this class are pollutants produced during combustion, such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and some components of suspended particulate matter (primarily fine particles -- di~eter less than 3.0 - I Because of the limited indoor mixing volume and longer residence times, concentrations of these and other combustion products often exceed outdoor concentrations.
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From page 21... ...
Mercury Aerosols Viable organisms Allergens Fuel combustion, subitems Pho~cochemical reactions Trees, grass, weeds, plants Automobiles Suspension of soils or industrial emission Petrochemical solvents, natural sources, vaporization of unburned fuels Fuel-burning Fuel-burning Metabolic activity, combustion Resuspension, condensation of vapors and combustion products Biologic activity, combustion, evaporation Volatilization, combustion, paint, metabolic action, pesticides, insecticides, fungicides Fungi, molds Building construction materials (concrete, stone) , weeer Part ic reboard, insul at ion, f urni shing s , tobacco smoke Fire-retardant ~ acoustic, thermal, or electric insulation Adhesives, solvents, cooking, cosmetics, solvents Metabolic activit or, cleaning products Tobacco smoke Fungicides, in paints, Spills in dentalcare facilities or laboratories, thermometer breakage Consumer products Infections House dust, animal dander
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From page 22... ...
Those two chapters discuss the relationships among sources, personal activity patterns, building factors, and ventilation that influence indoor concentrations and individual pollutant exposure. Temperature, light, and especially relative humidity also help to determine concentrations, chemical activity, and effects.
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From page 23... ...
23 TABLE I-2 Sources, Possible Concentrations, and Indoor-to-Outdoor Concentration Ratios of Some Indoor Pollutants I/O ConSources of Possible Indoor centration Pollutant Indoor Pollution Concentrationa Ratio Location Carbon monoxide Combustion equip 100 ppm >>1 Skating rinks, went, engines, off ices ~ homes faulty heating cars, shops SySt~ Respirable Stoves, fire- 100-5001lg/m3 >>1 Homes, offices, particles places, cigar- cars, public ettes, conden- facilities, bars g sation of restaurants volatiles, aerosol sprays, resuspens ion, cooking Organic vapors Combustion, NA >1 Homes, res tau solvents, resin rants, public products, pesti- facilities, cides, aerosol of f ices, hospitals sprays Nitrogen dioxide Combustion, gas 200~1, 000 ug/m3 >>1 Homes, skating stoves, water rinks heaters, dryers, cigarettes, engines Sulfur dioxide Heating system 20 ug/m3 <1 Removal inside Total suspended Combustion, re- 100 Pg/m3 1 Homes, offices, particles with- suspension, transportation, out smoking heating system restaurants Sulfate Matches, gas 5 1lg/m3 a Removal inside stoves Formaldehyde Insulation, pro- 0.05~1.0 ppm >1 Homes, offices duct binders, particleboard Radon and Building 0.1-30 nCi/m3 >>1 Homes, buildings progeny materials, groundwa ter, soil
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From page 24... ...
>>1 Homes, schools, humans, pets offices Viable organ- Humans, pets, NA >l Homes, hospitals isme rodents, insects, schools, offices plants, fungi, public facilitie humidifiers, air conditioners Ozone Electric arcing, 20 ppb |
From page 25... ...
Comparison with reported indoor concentrations makes it evident that - by some established ambient, occupational, or indoor standards -- current exposures to some contaminants indoors could constitute a health risk to occupants. A full risk assessment of these pollutants that would identify the population exposed and assign a health-damage function aimed at determining current and projected health consequences of indoor pollution has not been attempted.
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From page 26... ...
A redid of indoor pollutant concentrations and possible health significant would not be complete without a discussion of the implications of these exposures for epidemiologic studies of ambient-air pollution. Several sube~nces generated indoors are present in both indoor and outdoor air, including carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate otter.
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From page 27... ...
Indoor air-pollution exposures may sufficiently complicate epidemiologic investigations of the effects of outdoor pollutants so that assessments of indoor exposures, and thus larger study populations, will be needed to discern effects. In Chapter vIII, the objective is to discuss the welfare effects of contaminants in existing enclosures of all general types and the impact of energy-conservation measurer on indoor environmental quality.
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From page 28... ...
28 ~~ o V 0 3 o 0 o o ~ 0 o o Set 1 c,1 o ~ o - ; ~ ~ k ~ O C)
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