Groundwater Contamination (1984) / Chapter Skim
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14. Risk Assessment for the Prevention of Groundwater Contamination
14. Risk Assessment for the Prevention of Groundwater Contamination
Pages 166-180
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From page 166... ...
- are also evaluated in terms of their specific usefulness to the EPA's ongoing effort in promulgating national effluent guidelines to limit toxic pollutants. Finally, the applicability of"economic incentives" discussed in the report by the NRC Committee on GroundWater Resources in Relation to Coal Mining (1981)
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From page 167... ...
, pollution of groundwater resources was identified as one of the critical problems facing the United States. The Holcomb Research Institute (1977)
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From page 168... ...
Information is inadequate about groundwater resources and the socioeconomic impacts resulting from their contamination. Technology Technology for adequate and safe disposal of certain hazardous wastes may either be unavailable or insufficiently advanced and economically impractical.
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From page 169... ...
Although the concept of Pareto optimality dates back to the nineteenth century, the intensive development and use of quantitative approaches for optimizing multiple objectives is a relatively recent phenomenon. Heuristically, a Pareto-optimal solution for a multiobjective optimization problem, also known as an efficient and noninferior solution, is any solution for which one objective function can be improved only at the expense of degrading another.
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From page 170... ...
YACOV Y HAI M E S conflicting objectives constitutes the backbone of the risk analysis in the multiobjective framework presented here.
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From page 171... ...
In this respect, a viable system of economic incentives and disincentives should be an integral part of and constitute firm foundations upon which regulations for contaminant/pollutant discharge standards are formulated. A recent report issued by the National Research Council stresses these points (NRC Committee on GroundWater Resources in Relation to Coal Mining, 19811.
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From page 172... ...
The second (higher) level of the hierarchy consists of an overall coordinator with powers to promulgate regulations for discharge standards and impose economic incentives and disincentives.
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From page 173... ...
A Hierarchical Multiobjective Framework Of the numerous problems and issues related to water-resources planning and management, those associated with groundwater are undoubtedly the least studied, yet the most complex. In particular, the planning and management of groundwater resources is plagued by legal and institutional impediments (Haimes, 1980~.
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From page 174... ...
functions is in terms of the state variables rather than the decision variables. For example, a risk function associated with health hazards can be more easily constructed in terms of the level of contaminant concentrations (state vector s)
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From page 175... ...
Highdamage/low-frequency events and low-damage/high-frequency events appear mathematically equivalent in the expected value context. The partitioned multiobjective risk method, through a partitioning scheme, circumvents the drawback of the expected-value approach by constructing risk functions that can be evaluated in a multiobjective framework (Asbeck and Haimes, 19837.
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From page 176... ...
may now be approximated by a smooth curve similar to Figure 14.2, via some curve-fitting technique such as the least-squares used in the MSM. FIGURE 14.2 Risk distribution in terms of frequency versus damage for a particular choice of the state vector s.
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From page 177... ...
The OTA study states: Mathematical models have significantly expanded the nation's ability to understand and manage its water resources. They are currently used to investigate virtually every type of water resource problem; for small- and large-scale studies and projects; and at all levels of decisionmaking.
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From page 178... ...
. Utilization of Numerical GroundWater Models for Water Resources Management, report prepared for the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment and the U.S.
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From page 179... ...
~9 U.S. Water Resources Council (1978)
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